Chapter Summaries

Key Plot Points and Events

• The Spanish fleet's victory in the Mediterranean, sinking five British battleships and damaging two, significantly reduces Britain's naval power.
• Spain's encirclement and bombardment of Gibraltar lead to its capture after a week-long assault, costing heavy casualties on both sides.
• The British government faces public outrage and considers countermeasures, including naval engagement and African colonial warfare.
• Spain plans to annex Portugal after the civil war, supporting the Iberian Party.

Character Developments

• Carlo, the Spanish king, gains immense popularity and solidifies his position after Gibraltar's recapture.
• The British public's shock and outrage grow with each naval defeat, putting pressure on the government.

Significant Themes

• The impact of naval power on global politics and colonial expansion.
• The consequences of technological advancements (dreadnoughts) on military strategy.
• The role of public opinion and morale in warfare.

Character Interactions

• The Spanish Navy's confidence grows after defeating the British Mediterranean Fleet, leading to a full-scale encirclement of Gibraltar.
• The British government and public react with shock and outrage to the naval defeats, pushing for a response.
• The Iberian Party and Republican Party in Portugal intensify their civil war, expecting support from their respective patrons, Britain and Spain.

Plot Points and Events

• The British government shifts focus from naval confrontation to the Portuguese Civil War, dispatching a volunteer army to assist the Portuguese Republican Government.
• Spain responds by sending its own volunteers, mostly genuine Portuguese immigrants, to fight in Portugal.
• Carlo plans to stir up trouble for Britain in Ireland and Scotland, supporting anti-British organizations like the Irish Republican Brotherhood.
• Carlo aims to gain diplomatic support from other countries to pressure Britain into ending the war, accepting Spain's demands for Gibraltar and Portugal.

Character Developments

• Carlo adapts strategies from later generations to boost Spanish military morale and fighting spirit.
• Carlo shows cunning and strategic thinking in planning to turn Britain's tactics against them in Ireland and Scotland.

Significant Themes

• The complexity of national identity and assimilation, as seen in the relationship between Britain and Ireland.
• The impact of colonialism and imperialism on both the colonizer and the colonized.
• The role of diplomacy and international relations in shaping conflicts and their outcomes.

Character Interactions

• The British and Spanish governments engage in a game of one-upmanship, each trying to gain an advantage in the Portuguese Civil War.
• Carlo interacts with anti-British organizations in Ireland, offering support to further his goals.
• Carlo considers the diplomatic landscape, weighing the potential support of other European countries.

Key Plot Points and Events

• British invasion of Congo territory fails due to logistical challenges and the need to suppress Boer uprisings in South Africa.
• Spanish and British governments focus on Portugal's civil war, aiming to undermine each other's influence.
• Spanish volunteers arrive in Portugal and help the Iberian Party capture key southern cities, including Beja.
• British volunteers arrive in Lisbon, and their commander plans to retake Beja and encircle the Iberian Party and Spanish forces near Serra de Grândola.

Character Developments

• Spanish volunteers demonstrate high combat effectiveness and morale, turning the tide in Portugal's civil war.
• Portuguese Republican Party's popularity plummets, and its high command panics after the loss of Beja.
• Albert, the British volunteer army's overall commander, decides to intervene in the south to turn the war's tide.

Significant Themes

• The importance of logistics and supply chains in warfare.
• The impact of morale and popular support on a government's ability to wage war.
• The strategic value of key cities and territories in a civil war.

Character Interactions

• Spanish volunteers and the Iberian Party work together to capture southern Portuguese cities, demonstrating effective cooperation.
• The British volunteer army's commander consults with the Portuguese Republican Party's high command, deciding to intervene in the south.
• Spanish propaganda efforts target Portuguese citizens, attempting to sway public opinion in favor of the Iberian Party and Pan-Iberianism.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Iberian Party and Spanish Army advance south, aiming to occupy a large swath of Portuguese territory.
• British volunteers and Portuguese Republican Party troops set out to cut off the enemy's retreat and encircle them.
• The Spanish Army anticipates British action and leaves garrison troops along supply lines to prevent encirclement.
• The British and Republican armies take a detour to avoid detection and easily receive supplies.
• The Spanish Army swiftly advances, occupying cities along the way, and reaches Vila de Ourique.
• The British Army changes strategy, aiming to form an encirclement south of the Serra de Grândola.
• The Iberian Party and Spanish forces breach Faro, and the British Army begins tightening the encirclement.
• On August 28, the British and Spanish armies clash, with the British initially gaining the upper hand due to advantageous terrain.
• The Spanish Army retreats and occupies Loulé and Olhão, crucial strategic locations near Faro.
• On August 29, the British Army attacks Faro, but the Spanish artillery suppresses their advance, inflicting heavy casualties.

Character Developments

• The Spanish Army demonstrates strategic foresight and adaptability in anticipating and responding to British actions.
• The British Army shows determination and resilience in their pursuit of encircling and defeating the Spanish forces.

Significant Themes

• Strategic planning and adaptability in warfare.
• The impact of terrain and defensive positions on combat outcomes.
• The importance of firepower suppression in modern warfare.

Character Interactions

• The Spanish and British armies engage in fierce combat, with each side attempting to gain the upper hand.
• The Spanish Army demonstrates effective teamwork and coordination in their artillery fire, suppressing the British advance.
• The British Army faces challenges in mounting an effective counterattack due to Spanish firepower superiority.

Key Plot Points and Events

• The British army's offensive in Portugal fails due to Spain's superior firepower and the Portuguese army's collapse.
• The British government intervenes openly, sending 15,000 troops and signing an alliance with the Portuguese Republican Government.
• Spain responds by establishing the Portuguese Democratic Republic with the Iberian Party, declaring war on Britain, and signing a military alliance with the Democratic Republic.
• The British government decides not to declare war on the Democratic Republic but sends more troops to Portugal.

Character Developments

• The British volunteer commander shows strategic awareness but is ultimately forced to retreat due to the Portuguese army's collapse.
• Carlo, the Spanish king, demonstrates political acumen by using propaganda to counter British interference and decides to use the Portuguese Civil War to train the Spanish army.

Significant Themes

• The impact of foreign interference in internal conflicts (Britain in Portugal).
• The role of propaganda and public opinion in international relations.
• The importance of combat experience in building an elite military force (Spain's intention to train its army in Portugal).

Character Interactions

• The British volunteers and the Portuguese Republican Party's forces interact poorly, with the Portuguese army's collapse exposing the British flank.
• Spain and the Iberian Party cooperate to establish the Portuguese Democratic Republic and declare war on Britain.
• The British government and the Portuguese Republican Government strengthen their alliance, while Spain and the Portuguese Democratic Republic do the same.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Britain reinforces its troops in Portugal, planning to send over 55,000 elite soldiers.
• Spain sends reinforcements to Portugal, matching Britain's troop numbers.
• European powers discuss the war's situation, hoping for prolonged conflict to weaken both Britain and Spain.
• The French and Russian governments hope for Britain's naval defeat, while Germany wants both sides to suffer heavy losses.
• Austria-Hungary and Italy support Spain due to their kinship with the Spanish Royal Family.
• Carlo abandons his initial diplomatic plan and considers involving the United States in the war.

Character Developments

• Carlo adapts his strategy, shifting from diplomatic pressure to involving the United States in the war.
• European leaders maintain their focus on their own nations' interests, with France, Russia, and Germany hoping for Britain's naval defeat.

Significant Themes

• National interest and power dynamics among European nations.
• The impact of naval power on global dominance and colonial control.
• The potential for the United States to assert global influence.

Character Interactions

• Carlo considers allying with the United States against Britain.
• European leaders discuss the war's situation, aligning with their nations' interests.
• The Spanish and British governments prepare for a land war in Portugal.

Key Plot Points and Events

• The U.S. government declines Spain's offer to support them in acquiring British shares of the Panama Canal.
• Spain intervenes in the Portuguese civil war on September 8, 1904.
• Spanish forces quickly advance, pushing the Portuguese Republic's forces back and causing heavy casualties.
• Britain accelerates troop transport to Portugal, advising a general mobilization.
• The Republican Party struggles to enlist new soldiers, while the Iberian Party and Spain focus on battlefield cleanup and education of wounded soldiers.

Character Developments

• The Portuguese Republic's army suffers heavy losses and low morale.
• The Iberian Party and Spain align in their goals to merge Portugal into Spain.
• Carlo, the Spanish king, plans to incorporate Portugal into Spanish territory.

Significant Themes

• The power dynamics between nations, with Britain as the world's foremost power and Spain seeking to expand its influence.
• The impact of war on morale and civilian support for governments.
• The long-term goals of Spain in relation to Portugal, including annexation and cultural assimilation.

Character Interactions

• The Spanish diplomatic ambassador and the U.S. government discuss potential alliances.
• The Republican Party and the Iberian Party face off in the civil war, with the Spanish Army intervening on the Iberian Party's side.
• The Iberian Party and Spain collaborate in educating wounded soldiers and planning for the future of Portugal.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) secures a 10 million Pesetas loan from Spain for weapons and military academy establishment.
• Spanish government agrees to help IRB train officers following Spanish military standards.
• Carlo plans to force Britain to send more troops to Portugal, then launch a surprise attack on Lisbon.
• Spanish army to intensify offensive in Portugal, aiming to capture Lisbon and annihilate British forces.

Character Developments

• Carlo: Shows strategic acumen, willingness to accept heavy casualties, and commitment to soldiers' pensions and morale.
• Patrick Henry Pearse: Not directly featured in this chapter but plays a significant role in the overall plot.

Significant Themes

• War strategy and planning: Carlo's strategic thinking and the Spanish military's operational planning.
• Casualty acceptance: Both Spain and Britain prepare for heavy losses.
• Morale and support: Carlo's emphasis on soldiers' pensions and the importance of boosting Spanish army morale.

Character Interactions

• Carlo and the Spanish Ministry of Defense: Carlo dictates the operational concept, and the Ministry of Defense develops a detailed plan.
• Carlo and the IRB: Not directly featured in this chapter, but their alliance is a crucial part of the plot.

Summary

Key Plot Points and Events

• Spain initiates a fierce offensive against the Portuguese Republic and British armies, pushing them back towards Lisbon.
• The British Government decides to send tens of thousands more reinforcements to Portugal, including troops from colonies.
• Spain learns of Britain's reinforcements but keeps their plans for attacking Lisbon secret.

Character Developments

• Arthur James Balfour, British Prime Minister, faces internal opposition but decides to continue the war to save face and maintain his position.
• Carlo, Spanish King, decides to postpone the attack on Lisbon to allow for better preparation and to coincide with the arrival of British reinforcements.

Significant Themes

• The impact of war on political stability and public opinion.
• The use of spies and intelligence gathering in warfare.
• The strategic importance of maintaining an advantage in battle to influence peace negotiations.

Character Interactions

• Balfour faces opposition from the Liberal Party and within his own Cabinet, leading to heated debates.
• Carlo consults with the Spanish General Staff to plan the attack on Lisbon.
• The British and Spanish governments engage in a game of deception and misinformation regarding their troop movements.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Britain mobilizes nearly 100,000 troops to support Portugal, boosting the Republican Party's morale and raising concerns among the Portuguese people about the war reaching Lisbon.
• British troops, a mix of races from colonies, are used to hold the defensive line with heavy casualties. The British government accepts these losses as long as mainland troops' casualties remain low.
• Spain secretly prepares the 'Tsunami Plan' to attack Lisbon, aiming to capture the city with naval support and tens of thousands of elite troops.
• Carlo holds a mobilization ceremony for the officers participating in the landing battle, promising rewards and recognition for their service.

Character Developments

• Carlo, as the Spanish king, shows his determination to win the war and supports the troops, increasing his popularity.
• The two princes, Martin and Alexander, participate in the war, boosting the public's confidence in victory.

Significant Themes

• The contrast between Spain's unified support for the war and Britain's internal chaos.
• The colonial troops' sacrifices and the British government's indifference to their losses.
• The Spanish government's use of rewards and recognition to motivate soldiers.

Character Interactions

• Carlo interacts with the officers participating in the landing battle, boosting their morale and commitment to the mission.
• The public in Spain expresses their support for the war through donations and offers of free transportation, interacting with the government and royal family.

Summary of "The Fall of Lisbon"

Key Plot Points and Events

• The Spanish Army, led by Lieutenant General Kaman, launches a surprise attack on Lisbon by landing at Cape Roca.
• The Spanish forces secure a beachhead despite heavy resistance from Portuguese troops and coastal defenses.
• The Portuguese Republican Government, upon learning of the Spanish landing, prioritizes its own escape to Britain over defending Lisbon.
• The Spanish Army captures Sintra, Amadora, and eventually Lisbon with minimal resistance due to the Portuguese government's abandonment.

Character Developments

• Lieutenant General Kaman: Shows strategic acumen in planning the landing operation and adaptability in responding to the Portuguese government's unexpected flight.
• Portuguese Republican Leaders: Display cowardice and prioritize their own safety over the defense of their capital and country.
• Spanish Soldiers: Demonstrate bravery and determination in facing heavy resistance during the landing and securing a beachhead.

Significant Themes

• Bravery vs. Cowardice: The Spanish soldiers' bravery contrasts starkly with the Portuguese leaders' cowardice in abandoning their capital.
• Strategic Planning: Lieutenant General Kaman's strategic planning and adaptability are crucial to the Spanish Army's success.
• Abandonment of Responsibility: The Portuguese Republican leaders' abandonment of their people and capital highlights their lack of responsibility.

Character Interactions

• Spanish Soldiers and Officers: Interact with determination and unity, with officers delivering rousing speeches to boost morale before the landing.
• Portuguese Soldiers and Republican Leaders: The Portuguese soldiers show little resistance, while the Republican leaders prioritize their own escape over the safety of their troops and citizens.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Spanish army captures Lisbon, marking a significant turning point in the war.
• British government is shocked and attempts to evacuate troops from Portugal.
• British army withdraws from the New Montemor front, leading to a chaotic retreat.
• Spanish army splits forces to occupy key towns and intercept the retreating British army.
• British army is blocked at the Tagus River and ultimately surrenders to the Spanish.
• Portuguese Democratic Republic declares the end of the Portuguese Civil War.

Character Developments

• Carlo: Satisfied with the army's actions but maintains focus on negotiations and solidifying Spain's position as a superpower.
• Prime Minister Arthur James Balfour: Shocked by the Spanish army's counterattack, struggles to preserve British troops in Portugal.
• British Army Commander: Realizes the hopeless situation and chooses to surrender to Spain.

Significant Themes

• Power Dynamics: The shift in power between Spain and Britain is evident throughout the chapter, with Spain's military victories challenging Britain's superpower status.
• Colonialism and Race: The British government's decision to use colonial troops of color as cannon fodder highlights the racial disparities within the British Empire.
• Morality and War: The consequences of the British government's actions, such as abandoning their troops, raise questions about their moral integrity.

Character Interactions

• Spanish Government and Army: Work together to leverage military victories to gain concessions in negotiations with Britain.
• British Government and Army: Struggle to maintain control over the situation in Portugal, ultimately leading to the surrender of the British army.
• Portuguese Republican Government and Army: Flee Lisbon, causing chaos and desertion among the Portuguese troops.

Key Plot Points and Events

• The Spanish army clears the battlefield, suffering heavy losses.
• The British army surrenders, leading to a ceasefire and peace talks.
• Spain and the Portuguese Democratic Republic tally their casualties and gains.
• The British government requests peace negotiations through Germany.

Character Developments

• Lieutenant General Kaman shows strategic acumen in handling the aftermath of the war.
• Carlo demonstrates diplomatic prowess by setting conditions for peace talks.

Significant Themes

• The impact of war on civilian populations and economies.
• The importance of public opinion and propaganda in shaping perceptions of a conflict.
• The power dynamics at play in peace negotiations.

Character Interactions

• Spain and the Portuguese Democratic Republic cooperate to stabilize Portugal and win over the populace.
• Britain reaches out to Spain through Germany for peace negotiations, acknowledging its disadvantage.
• Carlo engages with the British government, setting terms for the peace talks.

Key Plot Points and Events

• The Spanish government calculates the total pension and aid payments for soldiers and their families, amounting to 62.759 million Pesetas and 10.307 million Pesetas respectively.
• Carlo orders the prompt disbursement of these payments before Christmas and the beginning of the year.
• Spain demands that the peace talks with Britain be held in Lisbon or Madrid, with France or Russia as neutral mediators.
• Carlo threatens to seize Malta Island if Britain does not agree to peace talks within three days.
• The peace talks between Spain and Britain begin in Lisbon on December 24, 1904.

Character Developments

• Carlo shows compassion towards the soldiers and their families by prioritizing the prompt disbursement of pensions and aid.
• Carlo demonstrates strategic thinking by threatening to seize Malta Island to pressure Britain.
• Minister William, as Spain's diplomatic representative, shows no courtesy to the British Representative and demands high reparations and ransom for prisoners.

Significant Themes

• The financial burden of war and the importance of post-war support for soldiers and their families.
• The use of strategic threats to gain leverage in negotiations.
• The deep-pocketed British Empire's reluctance to pay high reparations and ransom.

Character Interactions

• Carlo interacts with his ministers, giving orders and demanding strict oversight of pension and aid disbursement.
• Minister William interacts with the British Representative, presenting Spain's demands and showing no flexibility in negotiations.
• The British Representative interacts with Minister William, expressing shock and unwillingness to accept Spain's demands.

Key Plot Points and Events

• The first day of peace talks between Spain and Britain ended with no progress due to Spain's excessive reparations demand.
• Spain plans to rebuild the Port of Gibraltar, erect a monument, and build a cemetery to honor fallen soldiers.
• Carlo plans a Grand Military Parade in Cadiz to showcase Spain's military strength and recover Gibraltar.
• Spain invites Portugal to participate in the parade, aiming to increase goodwill and promote future integration.

Character Developments

• Carlo remains focused on Spain's interests, willing to drag peace talks and eager to display military might.
• Prime Minister Orka supports Carlo's decisions, understanding the political benefits of a grand parade.
• José Christian Silva, President of Portugal, agrees to participate in the parade, showing compliance with Spain's wishes.

Significant Themes

• Spain's military might and desire to assert its power in Europe.
• The political and economic infiltration of Portugal by Spain.
• The use of military displays to impress and influence other nations.

Character Interactions

• Carlo and Orka work together to plan the parade and invite Portugal.
• Carlo and Silva communicate about the parade, with Silva agreeing to attend and send troops.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Spain announces a grand military parade at the Port of Cadiz to celebrate its war victories and display military might.
• European nations, particularly Britain, France, and Germany, take notice and dispatch intelligence agents to gather information about Spain's Dreadnought battleship.
• Carlo decides to gradually relax secrecy around the Dreadnought to pressure Britain and prompt other European nations to develop dreadnoughts.
• The Spanish Army, Navy, and Air Force undergo training for the parade, with the Army focusing on a goose-step march.

Character Developments

• Carlo: Shows strategic thinking by using the Dreadnought to pressure Britain and prompt European nations to develop dreadnoughts, causing trouble for Britain.
• Spanish Soldiers: Demonstrate dedication and discipline during intense parade training, eager to showcase their skills and represent Spain well.

Significant Themes

• Military Power and Prestige: The parade serves as a display of Spain's military might and a means to pressure other European nations.
• Technological Advancement: The Dreadnought battleship represents a significant leap in naval technology, influencing other nations' naval development.
• International Relations: European nations recognize Spain's growing power and adjust their diplomatic strategies accordingly.

Character Interactions

• Carlo and Ministry of Defense Generals: Collaborate on parade procedures and training, with Carlo providing input on the goose-step march.
• European Nations and Spain: High-ranking officials and royalty from various European countries attend the parade, highlighting Spain's growing influence and importance in international relations.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Spain hosts a grand military parade to showcase its military might after the war.
• The parade includes land, sea, and air forces, with a focus on the powerful battleship designs and the mysterious Air Force.
• European countries send prestigious delegations, while Britain and republican France send lower-level representatives.
• Austria-Hungary and Italy, with good relations with Spain, send crown princes and prime ministers.
• The parade begins with a flag-raising ceremony, followed by the review of various military units.

Character Developments

• King Carlo enjoys a rare moment of leisure before the parade, practicing horseback riding.
• Carlo becomes Spain's greatest monarch due to his contributions in reforging Spain into a superpower and recovering Gibraltar.
• The Portuguese people anticipate their army's performance in the parade but are disappointed by their disorganized appearance.

Significant Themes

• National pride and unity, as demonstrated by the Spanish people's enthusiasm and support for the military.
• International relations and the importance of military strength in maintaining global influence.
• The impact of war on national identity and confidence.

Character Interactions

• King Carlo interacts with European dignitaries and royalty during the parade.
• The Spanish people interact with the military, expressing their support and admiration.
• Portuguese onlookers compare their army's performance to the Spanish troops, feeling disappointment and dismay.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Spain's Grand Parade showcases its Army, Air Force, and Navy, with the Air Force and Navy drawing significant European interest.
• Italy requests to buy Spain's airship and battleship technology, and Spain agrees to sell airship tech but is hesitant about the battleships.
• The Italian government decides to purchase Spain's airship technology and three battleships, spending nearly half of its annual fiscal revenue.
• France also approaches Spain to buy airship and battleship technology.

Character Developments

• Carlo, the King of Spain, instructs the Spanish government to sell their military technologies to European countries, particularly airships.
• Italian diplomatic representatives negotiate with the Spanish government, ultimately deciding to buy Spain's airship technology and battleships.
• The French government, aware of Italy's purchase, approaches Spain to buy similar technologies.

Significant Themes

• Technological advancement and its impact on military strategy (airships and battleships).
• International relations and power dynamics among European nations.
• Economic implications of military technology acquisition.

Character Interactions

• The Spanish government interacts with Italian and French diplomatic representatives to sell their military technologies.
• European dignitaries watch Spain's parade, focusing on airships and the Dreadnought battleship.
• European nations consider the implications of Spain's military advancements on their own power dynamics.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Spain signs massive trade orders with France and Italy for airships and battleships, generating significant profits for the royal family and the government.
• The Spanish Navy's expansion plans are detailed, with a focus on building two battleships per year to meet domestic and international demands.
• The Spanish government rewards and enfeoffs meritorious figures from the war, distributing noble titles and land, and compensating soldiers and their families.
• The British government faces internal chaos due to public dissatisfaction with the war's outcome, Irish independence marches, and the issue of prisoners held by Spain.

Character Developments

• Carlo, as the mastermind behind Spain's military and economic advancements, continues to pull strings from the shadows.
• Caman Esposito is promoted to General of the Army and Chief of Staff of the Ministry of Defense's General Staff.
• Giotto is promoted to Duke for his exceptional contributions to the war.
• Prime Minister Orka is promoted to Count.
• British Prime Minister Belfort faces increasing public pressure and chaos due to the war's outcome and domestic issues.

Significant Themes

• The consequences of war on both the winning and losing sides.
• The impact of military victories on a nation's economy and political landscape.
• The struggle between public opinion and government decisions in a democracy.
• The potential for colonial liberation movements to challenge imperial powers.

Character Interactions

• Carlo continues to manipulate events from behind the scenes, using Spain's military and economic might to pressure the British government.
• The Spanish government rewards and promotes meritorious figures, strengthening loyalty to the royal family and the government.
• The British government struggles to manage public opinion and domestic issues, with the Irish Republican Brotherhood adding to their troubles.
• The Spanish and British governments engage in peace talks, with Spain holding the upper hand due to its military victories and the British government's domestic chaos.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Spain and Portugal sign the "Iberian Union Treaty" on February 11, 1905.
• The treaty grants Spain military access to Portuguese ports and roads, and vice versa.
• Spain promises to protect Portugal from external threats and offers economic cooperation.
• Portugal relaxes restrictions on its citizens working in Spain, encouraging migration.
• Spain plans to incorporate Portugal into its annual bullfighting competition.

Character Developments

• Carlo, the Spanish monarch, continues to strengthen Spain's influence and power.
• Portuguese citizens grow envious of Spain's prosperity and military strength.
• Some Portuguese support merging with Spain, while others oppose it.

Significant Themes

• Pan-Iberianism: The idea of merging Spain and Portugal gains traction among the Portuguese.
• Economic Growth: Spain's economic prosperity is a driving force for the merger.
• Military Strength: Spain's powerful military reassures Portugal of its protection.
• Cultural Integration: Bullfighting is used as a means to unite the two countries culturally.

Character Interactions

• The Spanish and Portuguese governments engage in negotiations and consultations.
• Spanish and Portuguese citizens discuss and react to the potential merger.
• Carlo and the Portuguese government sign the Iberian Union Treaty.