Nonviolence, Non-cooperation

The news about the Pacific Alliance had, to a certain extent, overshadowed developments in other regions. If Arthur had not been paying attention to the situation in Europe, he might not even have known when Constantinople had been renamed.

Yes, in March 1930, the Republic of Turkey officially announced that the famous European city of Constantinople would be renamed Istanbul.

The renaming was the result of a vote by all the Turkish people, and was also an inevitable step in Kemal's determined effort to carry out reforms in Turkey.

After all, although Constantinople and Istanbul differed only in name, for a republic whose citizens were overwhelmingly Turkish, the city's name naturally had to reflect the wishes of the Turkish people.

Facts had proven that even when history deviated for various reasons, the wheels of history would still repair those deviations.

By mid-March 1930, several major events had taken place around the world.

First was the famous Non-cooperation movement, which was giving the British people a terrible headache.

It was the Indian people's resistance to Britain's brutal rule, and also represented their yearning for independence and democratic rights.

The so-called Non-cooperation movement did not mean that people would refuse to cooperate only when violence was absent. Its true meaning was nonviolence and non-cooperation—in other words, achieving one's goals through relatively moderate means.

Beginning in September 1920, the renowned Gandhi had proposed the famous Non-cooperation plan.

It included refusing to work for the Colonial Government and courts, refusing to attend British schools, encouraging the use of handicrafts to boycott British goods, and refusing to pay taxes, among other measures.

Under Gandhi's call, the people went on strike, boycotted classes and businesses, and held rallies and marches, merging into a surging tide against the British.

However, the first action quickly exceeded Gandhi's expectations.