Ch. 521/ Chapter 758

Key plot points and events

  • Chris’s announcement of a major shake-up has energized the Chris Pirates ahead of their war with the Pudora Kingdom. The conflict is meant both to publicize the crew’s power and to give its members a chance to prove themselves.
  • The Division Commanders are eager to fight, while Nami and the others look forward to seeing how the commanders’ strength and rankings compare.
  • Makino, Reiju, and the other women resolve to fight rather than remain spectators. Madame Shyarly’s crystal-ball reading shows uncertainty about the battle’s outcome, but also a glimmer of hope.
  • Even ordinary crew members see the coming war as an opportunity to rise in rank. A swordsman and martial artist openly challenge Clib, Caribou’s second-in-command, claiming they may be stronger than he assumes.
  • Moria insists no one could surpass Chris, whose authority within the crew is absolute. Doflamingo expects the conflict to reveal the Chris Pirates’ formidable strength to the world.

Character developments

  • Makino, Reiju, and the others express a determination to become capable warriors and help shoulder Chris’s burdens, not be seen as liabilities or “pretty faces.”
  • Nami, Kaya, and the others are excited by the possibility that the Division Commanders’ rankings will change, especially as previously understated members may reveal hidden strength.
  • Clib’s confidence in his position is challenged by two quiet crew members who have kept their abilities concealed.

Significant themes

  • Ambition and advancement: Chris’s shake-up gives both commanders and rank-and-file pirates a chance to earn higher standing.
  • Proving one’s worth: The women and overlooked crew members want to demonstrate that they can contribute in battle.
  • Loyalty and hierarchy: The crew may compete for rank, but Chris’s supremacy is treated as unquestionable; challenging him would carry severe consequences.
  • War as spectacle and opportunity: The impending conflict is brutal, but the pirates also view it as a test of strength and a chance to build their reputation.

Character interactions

  • Doflamingo and Moria discuss Chris’s unchallenged leadership and anticipate the war’s impact.
  • The women encourage one another to join the fight and prove their abilities.
  • Two low-profile crewmen trade taunts with Clib, questioning his strength and threatening his second-in-command position.

Ch. 522/ Chapter 760

Key plot points and events

  • The Chris Pirates and the Pudora Kingdom’s defenders both enter the coming battle with exceptionally high morale. The pirates are eager to prove themselves and earn advancement; the defenders remain spirited despite the Chris Pirates surviving a fierce bombardment unharmed.
  • On Chris’s deck, Clib challenges the crew members who reject his authority, insisting that strength determines status in the crew. The confrontation reflects the pirates’ competitive, merit-based culture.
  • Observing the Chris Pirates’ ambition, Doflamingo recognizes that his own leadership has stifled new talent in the Donquixote Family. He decides to promote newcomers after the war—but Chris privately makes clear he intends to prevent Doflamingo’s organization from rising.
  • Chris’s allies discuss the pirates’ potential reputation and the likely outcome of the battle. Chris dismisses speculation and insists that only performance in combat matters.
  • Meanwhile, Marco’s group hears that the Chris Pirates survived the bombardment without injury. They are impressed by the crew’s strength, especially its many Devil Fruit users, but puzzled that the Pudora Kingdom garrison remains eager to fight. They suspect its commanders, Leweir and Grant, may be unusually capable.

Character developments

  • Doflamingo begins reconsidering his leadership style, recognizing that denying newcomers opportunities has weakened his family. He resolves to change, though Chris sees him as a future threat.
  • Chris remains composed and results-focused, refusing to assume victory before the fighting begins.
  • Clib embraces a strength-based code within the Chris Pirates and is willing to let challengers prove themselves.
  • Marco and his companions become more wary of the Pudora Kingdom’s unexpected resilience and curious about its leadership.

Significant themes

  • Merit and opportunity: The Chris Pirates’ competitive structure motivates members to improve, while Doflamingo’s closed leadership has prevented new talent from emerging.
  • Morale and resilience: The defenders’ continued fighting spirit after the failed bombardment suggests they are more formidable than expected.
  • Ambition versus proof: The pirates are full of confidence, but Chris emphasizes that their claims must be validated in battle.
  • Reputation and power: The coming conflict may establish the Chris Pirates as a major force in the New World.

Character interactions

  • Clib confronts crew members who disregard him, challenging them to demonstrate their strength.
  • Doflamingo reflects aloud with his allies on the Chris Pirates’ culture, prompting his decision to reform his own organization.
  • Chris silently signals that he will oppose Doflamingo’s ambitions.
  • Chris’s allies—including Moria, Jinbe, Hancock, Mihawk, and Kuma—assess the pirates’ prospects and the enemy’s morale.
  • Marco’s group debates why the Pudora Kingdom’s troops remain enthusiastic, with Hiro’s observations drawing attention to the mystery of Leweir and Grant.

Ch. 523/ Chapter 762

Plot points and events

  • The Chris Pirates emerge from Pudora Kingdom’s heavy cannon bombardment completely unharmed, with their ship undamaged. Marco concludes that Pudora’s forces have no realistic chance of stopping them.
  • The Red Hair Pirates observe the result and recognize that the Chris Pirates’ defenses are extraordinary. Beckman says they have little reason to hurry and will wait to see when Pudora’s main force arrives.
  • Kaido’s crew aboard the Mammoth Fleet is also astonished. After debate over whether the Chris Pirates were lucky or used some hidden power, Jack orders his men to focus on taking Ochoku and avoid provoking the Chris Pirates unless a good opportunity appears.
  • On Perospero’s ship, Smoothie confronts the crew with the news that the bombardment failed, challenging those who had previously dismissed the Chris Pirates.

Character developments

  • Beckman is vindicated: he had expected the Chris Pirates to survive the barrage and remains cautious and pragmatic.
  • Jack revises his assessment of the Chris Pirates and follows Kaido’s warning not to provoke them lightly.
  • Sheepshead appears perceptive, having already considered that the crew’s strength could explain their survival.
  • Scotch, Holdem, and others struggle to accept the evidence, offering disbelief or excuses; Babanuki instead suspects the Chris Pirates have hidden abilities.
  • Smoothie remains composed and assertive, using the report to challenge her crew’s earlier arrogance.

Significant themes

  • Overwhelming strength and defense: The Chris Pirates’ survival demonstrates a level of protection that makes conventional bombardment ineffective.
  • Respect earned through evidence: Even skeptical or hostile crews must reconsider their opinions after seeing the result.
  • Pragmatism and self-interest: Beckman frames alliances and potential conflicts in terms of strategic interests, while Jack chooses restraint over an unnecessary fight.
  • Denial versus clear evidence: Some characters explain away the Chris Pirates’ success rather than admit how formidable they are.

Character interactions

  • Beckman’s crew discusses the Chris Pirates’ defenses and accepts his earlier judgment; Beckman explains why the Red Hair Pirates chose to help them.
  • Jack’s subordinates react with disbelief and debate the cause of the Chris Pirates’ survival, but Jack’s decision to hold back ends the dispute.
  • Smoothie addresses her crew—especially those who had mocked the Chris Pirates—and presses them to reconsider their attitude.

Ch. 524/ Chapter 764

Chapter Summary

Key Plot Points and Events

  • The Chris Pirates survive the Pudora Kingdom’s extremely intense bombardment without suffering any damage.
  • The Charlotte Pirates, including Katakuri, Smoothie, Oven, Daifuku, Perospero, Pekoms, and Baron Tamago, are shocked by the feat and acknowledge that they had seriously underestimated the Chris Pirates.
  • Katakuri orders his siblings not to provoke or attack the Chris Pirates when they reach the Pudora Kingdom. He anticipates that their group may split up while searching for Ochoku.
  • The Charlotte Pirates’ primary objective remains securing Ochoku before the rival Beasts Pirates can claim him. Katakuri stresses that unnecessary conflict with the Chris Pirates could jeopardize this mission.
  • A Marine fleet also discusses the Chris Pirates’ survival. The officers conclude that the crew’s defensive abilities have advanced rapidly and that the Marines must eliminate them before they become even more dangerous.

Character Developments

  • Katakuri becomes more visibly concerned and cautious. Although usually composed, he is deeply unsettled by the Chris Pirates’ unexplained defense and repeatedly warns his siblings to avoid them.
  • Oven and Daifuku abandon their previous arrogance and openly admit that the Chris Pirates are too powerful to provoke, especially if the Charlotte group becomes separated.
  • Baron Tamago and Perospero emphasize discipline and mission priorities, recognizing that fighting for pride could allow the Beasts Pirates to obtain Ochoku.
  • Pekoms is amused by Oven and Daifuku’s unusual willingness to back down.
  • Marine officers, particularly Momonga, Stainless, Doberman, Onigumo, and John Giant, reassess the Chris Pirates as a rapidly growing strategic threat. Doberman attributes the defense to the Earth-Earth Fruit and Barrier-Barrier Fruit, while Onigumo worries about how quickly the crew has improved.
  • The Chris Pirates themselves do not directly act or speak in the chapter, but their achievement greatly changes how other powers perceive them.

Significant Themes

  • Power and reputation: The bombardment proves the Chris Pirates’ strength and forces both pirates and Marines to revise their former dismissive opinions.
  • Fear of unchecked growth: The Marines are alarmed that the Chris Pirates have progressed so quickly and may become comparable to the major Emperor crews.
  • Caution versus arrogance: Katakuri attempts to restrain the Charlotte family’s natural pride, showing that survival and strategic goals must come before provocation.
  • Uncertainty as a source of fear: The Chris Pirates are especially threatening because no one understands exactly how they nullified the bombardment.
  • Rivalry and competing objectives: The Charlotte and Beasts Pirates are both seeking Ochoku, making the Pudora Kingdom a potential battlefield while the Chris Pirates add another dangerous force to the conflict.

Character Interactions

  • Katakuri and his siblings: Katakuri firmly instructs them to avoid the Chris Pirates and remain alert, while Oven and Daifuku accept his warning.
  • Oven and Daifuku with Pekoms: Pekoms jokingly points out how unusual it is for the two normally arrogant brothers to retreat from a confrontation.
  • Baron Tamago and the Charlotte crew: Tamago reinforces Katakuri’s reasoning, arguing that securing Ochoku matters more than satisfying their pride.
  • Katakuri and the wider Charlotte crew: Katakuri warns that separation in the Pudora Kingdom could leave individuals vulnerable, especially against the Chris Pirates or Beasts Pirates.
  • Marine officers: The officers debate the meaning of the Chris Pirates’ defense, collectively concluding that the crew’s abilities and future potential pose a major threat to the Marines.

Ch. 525/ Chapter 766

Plot points and events

  • Navy leaders assess the Chris Pirates’ survival of Pudora Kingdom’s bombardment. Kizaru says he expected them to survive, while Vice Admirals Onigumo and Doberman explain that Chris himself did not stop the shells: his Repel-Repel Fruit would have bounced them back, and his brutal hostility toward Pudora would likely have caused far greater destruction.
  • The fact that another crew member handled the attack convinces the Navy that the entire Chris crew is dangerous. Kizaru orders everyone to stay alert and avoid mistakes.
  • The Navy confirms its alliance arrangements with Pudora Kingdom. Their shared priority is to defeat Chris; Pudora is expected to provide two powerful fighters alongside Kizaru. Momonga names General Isaac and Ochoku as candidates.
  • In a flashback to an hour earlier, Navy envoy Major Hayes is escorted to the palace by General Whiteside to finalize the cooperation. Whiteside boasts that Pudora is ready, but Hayes is privately wary of his confidence.
  • On the way, Hayes sees Pudora’s people—including teenagers—arming themselves eagerly. Their resolve impresses him and makes him reconsider how difficult the country will be for the Chris Pirates to conquer.

Character developments and interactions

  • Kizaru shifts from relaxed observation to firm, practical command, emphasizing vigilance and clear coordination.
  • Onigumo draws on his past fight with Chris to explain Chris’s powers and temperament; he believes Chris spared him only to preserve goodwill with the World Government.
  • Doberman reinforces the Navy’s understanding of the Repel-Repel Fruit, helping the other officers see why Chris could not have been responsible for the bombardment’s outcome.
  • Hayes remains polite toward Whiteside but internally criticizes his arrogance. Seeing Pudora’s fierce population changes his view of the kingdom and the Navy’s alliance.
  • Whiteside displays confidence bordering on complacency, while Hayes stresses caution and urgency.

Significant themes

  • Do not underestimate an enemy: the Navy recognizes both Chris and the rest of his crew as serious threats.
  • Power and restraint: Chris’s abilities could have made the bombardment far more destructive, but he was not the one who intervened.
  • Confidence versus caution: Whiteside’s smugness contrasts with Hayes’s concern that overconfidence can be dangerous in war.
  • Collective resolve: Pudora’s willingness to fight, even among its young people, makes it a formidable ally—and a harder target than the Navy had assumed.

Ch. 526/ Chapter 768

Chapter Summary

  • Newspaper censorship revealed: Hayes learns from General Whiteside that newspapers in the Pudora Kingdom are intercepted by the Culture Department before reaching citizens. Officials inspect and censor the papers, allowing the public to see only information approved by the government. This explains why the kingdom’s people have not reacted to the newspaper praising the Chris Pirates.
  • Control of public thought: The censorship system has helped preserve Pudora’s culture of strength and stability. By limiting outside information, the government encourages citizens to admire power, train relentlessly, and blame weakness on the individual rather than questioning the kingdom’s policies.
  • The port garrison’s dangerous assignment: Although the kingdom proper is shielded from the newspaper, copies have reached the soldiers stationed at Pudora Kingdom Port, which lies outside the government’s direct control. Whiteside initially gives a partial explanation, but Hayes’s questioning forces him to admit the truth: the port garrison has deliberately been left exposed as a test of the Chris Pirates’ strength.
  • Soldiers treated as expendable: Pudora’s leaders intend to observe whether the port troops can withstand the Chris Pirates after learning how powerful they are. If the garrison holds out, the main force will intervene; if it collapses, the soldiers will be blamed for their own weakness. Hayes is disturbed by this ruthless strategy, while Whiteside accepts it as consistent with Pudora’s values. Whiteside also warns that any soldiers who betray the kingdom will be severely punished.
  • Hayes’s response: Though Hayes finds the kingdom’s methods morally troubling, he decides not to expose the secret or interfere. Chaos at the port would complicate the Marines’ own mission, so he keeps the information confidential and urges everyone to continue toward the palace.
  • Arrival of the Marine envoy: News reaches the royal palace that Hayes and his group have entered the royal city. During a banquet, Deputy Combat Captain Hu Ci informs Isaac, who tells King Yuriton that the Marines should be brought directly to the hall. Isaac assumes Hayes has come to discuss cooperation against the Chris Pirates.
  • Political tension: Culture Minister Ricky Davis angrily criticizes the Marines, arguing that they provoked the conflict with Chris and are now seeking an alliance only because the situation has turned against them. His hostility highlights the distrust between Pudora and the Marines despite their shared concern over the Chris Pirates.

Character Developments and Interactions

  • Hayes becomes more aware of Pudora’s authoritarian culture and shows moral discomfort toward its treatment of soldiers, though he remains pragmatic and mission-focused.
  • Whiteside reveals himself to be blunt rather than deceptive. He admits when he has lied and exposes the kingdom’s harsh military strategy, while still accepting its underlying logic.
  • Isaac acts as a composed military leader, coordinating Hayes’s reception and anticipating the purpose of the Marine visit.
  • Ricky Davis displays open resentment toward the Marines and rejects the idea that Pudora should easily cooperate with them.
  • Hayes and Whiteside’s conversation exposes the kingdom’s censorship, sacrifice of the port garrison, and belief that strength determines worth.
  • Isaac, King Yuriton, and Ricky Davis’s exchange establishes the palace’s readiness to hear the Marines while emphasizing the political distrust surrounding any potential alliance.

Ch. 527Chapter 769 / Chapter 770

Plot points and events

  • In the Pudora Kingdom’s palace, the kingdom’s nobles and several pirate captains discuss joining forces with the Marines against the Chris Pirates, who are expected to attack within the hour.
  • Big Bug Rodman pressures the kingdom, arguing that it cannot defeat the Chris Pirates without Marine support. The nobles resent his arrogance but accept that they currently need his and the other pirates’ strength.
  • Combat Commander Isaac keeps his anger toward Rodman in check, prioritizing the kingdom’s survival and leaving any reckoning with the pirate for later. Middle Camino, distrustful of the Marines, questions whether there is time or reason to coordinate with them.
  • Marine Major Hayes arrives as the official envoy. King Yuriton welcomes him, and Hayes asserts that closer cooperation with the Marines is necessary.
  • Instead of discussing battle plans, Hayes demands that Pudora join the World Government before the Marines will cooperate. This condition shocks the hall, and Culture Minister Ricky Davis angrily rejects it.

Character developments and interactions

  • Isaac shows discipline and pragmatism: he wants to punish Rodman but restrains himself because the kingdom needs his help.
  • King Yuriton remains outwardly diplomatic while recognizing that Hayes is only a representative and that Admiral Borsalino is the more important figure behind the negotiations.
  • Middle Camino openly voices his suspicion of the Marines and doubts their timing, reflecting his pirate’s distrust and independent outlook.
  • Hayes arrives with confidence and contempt, using his authority as the Marines’ representative to pressure the kingdom. However, the demand to join the World Government is not actually Borsalino’s idea; it comes from Cipher Pol and Vice Admiral Momonga, who have their own political motives.
  • Ricky Davis becomes the first to openly oppose the demand, defending Pudora’s independence. Rodman’s intimidation and Hayes’s ultimatum both deepen tensions between the kingdom and its supposed allies.

Significant themes

  • Necessity versus sovereignty: Pudora needs outside military aid, but accepting it may cost the kingdom its independence.
  • Uneasy alliances and distrust: Pirates, nobles, and Marines cooperate against a shared enemy while pursuing separate agendas.
  • Power and political coercion: The Marine alliance is used as leverage to force Pudora into the World Government.
  • Pragmatism and restraint: Isaac and Yuriton suppress immediate anger to protect the kingdom, even as resentment grows.

Ch. 528/ Chapter 772

Key plot points and events

  • Navy Major Hayes pressures King Yuriton to bring the independent Pudora Kingdom into the World Government in exchange for Navy help against the Chris Pirates.
  • Yuriton politely postpones a decision until after the immediate crisis, citing the kingdom’s nobles and the importance of the matter. In reality, he has no intention of surrendering the kingdom’s independence.
  • Hayes warns that the Chris Pirates could attack at any moment and says Navy cooperation depends on Pudora agreeing to join. He implies the Navy may let the kingdom and pirates weaken each other if no deal is made.
  • Deputy Battle Captain Hu Ci and Culture Minister Ricky Davis reject Hayes’s threats and insist Pudora can fight without the Navy. Davis demands that Hayes leave.
  • Hayes challenges their confidence, arguing that Pudora’s forces and allied pirate crews cannot match the Chris Pirates and their Seven Warlords Alliance.
  • Several pirate captains mock Hayes for underestimating them. Hayes then reveals that Milo Teach, Big Bug Rodman, and Haliya Zina—the strongest captains he seemed to overlook—are not actually allied with Pudora. The chapter ends as the assembled nobles and captains react with confusion.

Character developments

  • King Yuriton maintains a calm, diplomatic front while firmly resisting the World Government’s attempt to exploit the crisis.
  • Hayes remains composed and provocative under criticism, using intimidation and selective knowledge to undermine Pudora’s confidence.
  • Hu Ci and Ricky Davis openly defend the kingdom’s independence and show their anger at the Navy’s coercive approach.
  • The pirate captains bristle at Hayes’s dismissal of their strength, but his final claim casts doubt on how secure their alliance really is.

Significant themes

  • Political coercion: The Navy offers protection in exchange for submission, using an imminent threat to pressure Pudora.
  • Independence and sovereignty: Yuriton and his court value Pudora’s long-standing autonomy over potentially advantageous membership in the World Government.
  • Misjudgment and hidden divisions: The court assumes its assembled forces are united, while Hayes suggests that key fighters may not be on their side.
  • Power and confidence: Both sides claim they can prevail, but the chapter leaves the true balance of forces uncertain.

Character interactions

  • Hayes and Yuriton engage in a tense negotiation, with Yuriton evading commitment and Hayes escalating the pressure.
  • Hu Ci and Davis confront Hayes directly, rejecting both his threat and his offer.
  • Pirate captains trade insults with Hayes over his assessment of their strength.
  • Hayes’s revelation about the three prominent captains abruptly shifts the room from mockery to uncertainty.

Ch. 529Chapter 773 / Chapter 774

Plot points and events

  • Bull Milo-Teach, Big Bug Rodman, and Haliya-Zina reveal that they are cooperating with the Navy only because the World Government compelled them. If the Government breaks with Pudora, they will leave, depriving the kingdom of crucial support against the Seven Warlords Alliance.
  • Old Blacksmith Smart says he will stay in Pudora, having reconciled with the kingdom, though he lacks the power to change the situation alone.
  • Navy Major Hayes challenges Pudora’s leaders and exposes—or claims to know—their plan to abandon 10,000 soldiers at Pudora Kingdom Port as bait to test the Chris Pirates.
  • Hayes threatens to reveal the plan to the troops and public, potentially triggering mutiny and nationwide unrest. He also warns that the Navy can bring in reinforcements and controls what the public learns.
  • King Yuriton requests time to consult his nobles. Hayes grants one hour before the Navy’s cooperation with Pudora officially ends.
  • In private, the nobles debate whether to join the World Government. Ricky Davis argues that doing so would erase Pudora’s traditions; Arinas and Kyle-Pope argue that survival must come first, since refusal could mean the kingdom’s destruction.

Character developments and interactions

  • The three pirate captains openly admit their loyalty is conditional and imposed by the World Government, unsettling Pudora’s nobles.
  • Smart’s return reflects his renewed commitment to Pudora, despite his limited influence.
  • Hayes shifts from provocation to direct coercion, using the threatened exposure of the port plan to pressure King Yuriton and the nobles.
  • Yuriton remains cautious and troubled, seeking counsel rather than answering Hayes immediately.
  • The nobles reveal a deep divide: some prioritize cultural independence, while others believe joining the World Government is the only way to preserve the kingdom itself.

Significant themes

  • Survival versus cultural identity: Pudora must weigh its traditions against the risk of political collapse.
  • Coercion and compromised loyalty: The pirate captains’ cooperation, and the kingdom’s possible submission, are shaped by pressure rather than genuine allegiance.
  • Political secrecy and public trust: Exposure of the plan to abandon the port garrison could destroy the government’s legitimacy from within.
  • Power through information: Hayes’s leverage depends not only on military force but on what he knows—and what the public might learn.

Ch. 530Chapter 775 / Chapter 776

Plot and events

  • The Pudora Kingdom’s leaders debate how to respond to the powerful Chris Pirates. King Yuriton asks for the views of the kingdom’s most influential figures.
  • Captain Isaac and Deputy Battle Captain Hu Ci argue that Pudora cannot defeat the pirates alone. They warn that even a victory won through heavy losses would mainly benefit the Marines.
  • Elder Bass urges the kingdom to preserve its people and spirit, even if its current royal glory must end. His words help Yuriton reach a decision.
  • King Yuriton agrees to join the World Government, provided it protects Pudora and helps drive off the Chris Pirates.
  • Major Hayes offers protection, resources, and continued royal control over the kingdom, while explaining that he cannot promise additional concessions. Yuriton accepts, and Hayes and the other Marines celebrate the alliance.

Character developments

  • King Yuriton makes a painful but pragmatic choice, prioritizing the kingdom’s survival and his family’s continued rule over independence. He conceals his relief behind a show of hesitation.
  • Isaac becomes increasingly wary of the Chris Pirates, recognizing that their strength and unknown members make them far more dangerous than he first thought.
  • Bass acts as a respected elder whose counsel reframes survival as the preservation of the kingdom’s people and spirit, not simply its royal independence.
  • Hayes secures Pudora’s cooperation by presenting the World Government’s offer as protection and support.

Character interactions

  • Yuriton consults Isaac, Hu Ci, and Bass, whose opinions carry weight with the nobles and the kingdom.
  • Bass’s appeal to Pudora’s enduring spirit prompts Yuriton to settle on a course of action.
  • Hayes negotiates directly with Yuriton, balancing firm limits on what he can promise with assurances that the royal family can keep governing.
  • The nobles accept Yuriton’s decision, and the Marines and their allies toast the agreement.

Significant themes

  • Survival versus independence: Pudora gives up its freedom of action to avoid destruction.
  • Pragmatism and sacrifice: The leaders accept an imperfect alliance because fighting alone could devastate the country.
  • Political power and self-preservation: The royal family’s continued control is central to Yuriton’s decision.
  • The danger of the unknown: Isaac sees the Chris Pirates’ hidden depths as a threat in themselves.

Ch. 531/ Chapter 778

  • Pudora Kingdom agrees to join the World Government. At a celebratory royal gathering, King Yuriton and Major Hayes settle on a simple plan: the navy and Pudora Kingdom will attack the Chris Pirates from opposite sides and trap them between their forces. Hayes says General Borsalino (Kizaru) will leave Pudora’s deployment to the kingdom.
  • The navy’s real objective is revealed. Hayes adds that Borsalino requires Pudora Kingdom to send two of its strongest fighters to help kill Chris—not merely drive off his crew. The demand alarms several nobles and pirate captains, who fear concentrating their best fighters on Chris could leave the rest of the battlefield exposed. Hayes insists that eliminating Chris is non-negotiable: if he survives, he could recover, return stronger, and remain a major threat.
  • Pudora’s leaders accept the risk. Deputy commander Hu Ci agrees that Chris is too dangerous to let escape. Commander Isaac judges that joining forces with Borsalino would improve their chances, and King Yuriton trusts Isaac’s assessment. The king therefore commits two top fighters to the mission.
  • The fighters are identified. King Yuriton names Isaac as one of the two. For the other, he chooses Ochoku, a powerful veteran living in seclusion and a former member of the Rocks Pirates. Hayes is pleased: Vice Admiral Momonga had specifically instructed him to ensure Ochoku was included.
    Character developments and interactions: Yuriton moves from cautious cooperation to endorsing the assassination plan, relying heavily on Isaac. Isaac and Hu Ci align with Hayes’s argument despite the risks. Hayes calmly presses the navy’s demands and watches for agreement from the kingdom’s key decision-makers. The assembled nobles and captains remain wary, especially Middle Camino and Smart, who doubt the ease of killing Chris and question the cost of committing Pudora’s strongest fighters.
    Themes: The chapter highlights political bargaining and hidden agendas beneath public cooperation, the tension between military necessity and strategic risk, and the fear that a powerful enemy left alive may become an even greater threat. It also emphasizes the value of trusted advisers in shaping a ruler’s decisions.

Ch. 532/ Chapter 780

Chapter Summary

Plot Points and Events

  • King Yuriton and Marine Major Hayes finalize an alliance between the Pudora Kingdom and the Marines against the Chris Pirates.
  • Hayes is secretly pleased because Captain Isaac and Ochoku, alongside Admiral Borsalino, are expected to be powerful enough to kill Chris.
  • News arrives that the Chris Pirates are approaching Pudora Kingdom’s port. General Leweir’s forces request reinforcements.
  • Instead of reacting with urgency, the leaders in the palace remain calm and treat the port battle as a test of the Chris Pirates’ strength.
  • The kingdom has deliberately stationed over ten thousand soldiers and most of its heavy cannons at the port, intending to sacrifice the troops temporarily while observing the enemy.
  • Once the Chris Pirates reveal their capabilities and advance far enough, Pudora’s main forces will intervene. The leaders plan to make the rescue appear heroic to preserve public support and protect their rule.
  • The palace factions debate whether the heavy cannons can seriously damage the Chris Pirates. The chapter ends with everyone waiting for news from the front.

Character Developments

  • King Yuriton reveals himself as calculating and politically pragmatic. He presents the planned sacrifice of his soldiers as necessary for the kingdom’s survival, while privately acknowledging that public perception is his real concern.
  • Hayes becomes more confident in the alliance and is relieved that he clearly aligned Pudora with the World Government, fearing the kingdom might otherwise betray the Marines.
  • Captain Isaac demonstrates his role as a trusted military planner, assuring the king that the battle is being monitored and the next phase is ready.
  • Haliya-Zina shows growing exhaustion and caution after witnessing the complexity and ruthlessness of the conflict.
  • Kyle Pope remains confident in the heavy cannons he helped acquire, while other leaders doubt their effectiveness.
  • Middle Camino and Louis Cacho offer more realistic assessments, recognizing that ordinary artillery is unlikely to stop a powerful crew like the Chris Pirates.
  • The palace guard provides a contrast to the leaders: he is confused by their calmness and gradually realizes that the front-line troops may have been intentionally abandoned.

Significant Themes

  • Political manipulation and hypocrisy: The king disguises self-serving decisions as compassion and patriotism.
  • Sacrifice for power: Soldiers are treated as expendable resources in a larger political strategy.
  • Appearance versus reality: The planned “rescue” is primarily intended to create favorable public perception rather than save lives.
  • Strategic patience and intelligence gathering: The leaders use the port battle to measure the Chris Pirates before committing their main forces.
  • Conflicting views of power: The characters disagree over whether technology and artillery can overcome overwhelming individual strength.
  • Moral detachment: The calm reactions of the ruling figures emphasize how far they are removed from the ordinary soldiers whose lives are at stake.

Character Interactions

  • Yuriton and Hayes maintain a courteous alliance built on mutual interest rather than trust.
  • Yuriton and Isaac discuss the timing of their military response, with Isaac confirming that surveillance and deployment plans are in place.
  • Kyle Pope, Bull Milo-Teach, Big Bug Rodman, Middle Camino, and Louis Cacho argue over the likely impact of the heavy cannons, exposing divisions among the assembled fighters and officials.
  • The palace guard’s report highlights the contrast between the urgency of the battlefield and the detached calculations of the royal court.

Ch. 533/ Chapter 782

Key plot points and events

  • In Pudora Kingdom’s royal hall, officials and pirates argue over whether the kingdom’s heavy cannons can seriously damage the approaching Chris Pirates.
  • Finance Minister Kyle Pope and Big Bug Rodman insist the bombardment will be devastating. Middle Camino and Louis Cajo doubt the cannons will matter much.
  • Bull Milo Teach offers a cautious middle view: the cannons may cause some losses. Pope exaggerates this into full support for his position.
  • Old Blacksmith Smart argues that the cannons will likely do little, reasoning that the navy’s concern about the Chris Pirates shows ordinary cannon fire cannot defeat them.
  • Captain Isaac says cannon fire may have an effect, but the outcome will ultimately depend on the crews’ strength.
  • A guard reports that Generals Leweir and Grant fired nearly every shell stored at the port. Smoke now blankets the sea, and no one can see what happened to the Chris Pirates.
  • With no confirmed result, some attendees assume the pirates have been sunk or badly damaged. Teach urges them not to jump to conclusions, and King Yuriton hopes the Chris Pirates never emerge from the smoke. The chapter ends as the guard returns with another report.

Character developments and interactions

  • Kyle Pope is eager for reassurance and repeatedly interprets cautious statements as support for his optimistic view; Smart’s opposition and Isaac’s qualified answer leave him disappointed.
  • Old Blacksmith Smart speaks plainly despite the pressure to side with the kingdom’s leadership.
  • Isaac takes a measured position, acknowledging the cannons’ possible usefulness without claiming they will decide the battle.
  • Teach remains composed and skeptical of assumptions, emphasizing the Chris Pirates’ record of extraordinary feats.
  • Haliya Zina and Rodman interpret the silence after the bombardment as evidence that the pirates may be defeated, reflecting both their experience and their hopes.
  • King Yuriton openly wishes for the Chris Pirates’ destruction but has no confirmation that it has happened.

Significant themes

  • Uncertainty and premature judgment: The smoke obscures the battle’s outcome, while characters’ expectations shape how they interpret the silence.
  • Limits of weapons and experience: The discussion questions whether powerful cannons—or conventional battlefield assumptions—can overcome an unusually formidable crew.
  • Political pressure and motivated reasoning: Participants are pushed to declare sides, and Pope bends others’ words to support his case.

Ch. 534/ Chapter 784

Chapters 783–784 Summary

Key Plot Points and Events

  • Reliable reports confirm that the Chris Pirates have survived Pudora Kingdom’s heavy cannon bombardment completely unharmed. The Chris has suffered no visible damage and is advancing toward Pudora Kingdom Port.
  • The kingdom’s ministers are shocked because the same cannons previously damaged a force led by Katakuri’s Big Mom Pirates.
  • Pudora’s leaders conclude that the Chris Pirates are far stronger than that earlier enemy, possibly because Chris himself is present and may have neutralized the cannon fire.
  • Captain Isaac recognizes that conventional attacks will not be enough and decides the kingdom must confront the pirates directly.
  • The defenders estimate that the 10,000 soldiers at the front line can delay the pirates for only about twenty minutes. Isaac orders the kingdom’s main forces to mobilize immediately and prevent the pirates from advancing from the port toward the Royal City.
  • King Yuriton grants Isaac full command of the war while remaining in the Royal City to defend its final stronghold.
  • Major Hayes refuses to decide independently whether to remain and fight. He leaves to contact Marine Headquarters, since Marine regulations require him to await orders.
  • King Yuriton and the commanders acknowledge that the coming battle will determine whether Pudora Kingdom survives.

Character Developments

  • Captain Isaac shifts from confidence to serious concern after realizing he underestimated the Chris Pirates. He takes responsibility for organizing the kingdom’s defense and becomes the central military leader.
  • King Yuriton demonstrates realism and resolve. Though he admits he is no longer fit to lead from the front, he chooses to protect the Royal City and entrusts Isaac with command.
  • Hayes remains disciplined and loyal to Marine protocol, even during an urgent crisis. His next actions depend on Headquarters’ orders.
  • Hu Ci, Kyle Pope, Ricky Davis, Arinas, Milo Teach, and Smart all react with shock and growing apprehension as they recognize the scale of the threat.
  • The ministers and military leaders move from disbelief over the cannons’ failure to accepting that they face an exceptionally powerful enemy.

Significant Themes

  • The overwhelming power of the Chris Pirates: Their survival of the bombardment establishes them as a force far beyond ordinary pirate crews.
  • Underestimation and regret: Pudora’s leaders realize that their preparations were inadequate and that they misjudged their opponent.
  • Leadership and responsibility: Isaac assumes battlefield command, while Yuriton accepts a defensive role suited to his age and position.
  • Duty versus personal choice: Hayes’s situation highlights the Marines’ strict chain of command and the limits placed on individual decision-making.
  • Survival and unity: The kingdom’s leaders understand that the conflict is no longer a routine battle but an existential struggle requiring everyone to stand together.

Character Interactions

  • The guard nervously reports the pirates’ survival to the royal court, prompting questioning from Hu Ci and reassurance from Isaac.
  • Kyle Pope and Ricky Davis debate how the cannons could have failed, while Hu Ci and Arinas attribute the result to Chris’s superior strength.
  • Isaac warns the court that the pirates must be fought directly and urges immediate mobilization.
  • Isaac asks King Yuriton for permission to depart, and Yuriton formally places him in command.
  • Yuriton asks Hayes whether he will stay; Hayes explains that Marine Headquarters must make that decision.
  • Before the forces depart, Yuriton bows to Isaac, Milo Teach, and the others, asking them to save the kingdom. They return the gesture, acknowledging the gravity of the impending battle.

Ch. 535Chapter 785 / Chapter 786

Chapter Summary

Key Plot Points and Events

Bull Milo-Teach, the Bull Pirates, the Troublesome Pirates, and other allied forces pledge to help King Yuriton defend the Pudora Kingdom from the Chris Pirates. Although some were coerced by Cipher Pol and others joined for promised rewards, the worldwide attention surrounding the war motivates them to fight seriously and seek fame.
As the allied forces prepare to depart, several pirates express excitement about facing the Chris Pirates. Big Bug Rodman looks forward to fighting again, while Haliya Zina warns him not to underestimate their opponents. Old Blacksmith Smart reflects on Chris with mixed admiration and hatred, acknowledging that they might have become friends under different circumstances. Middle Camino hopes to observe Chris’s strength, while Louis Cajo openly intends to challenge Chris’s swordsmanship, inspired by Chris’s draw with Dracule Mihawk.
Aver Bradley and his companions are frightened after realizing how powerful the Chris Pirates truly are. They regret accepting the mission and decide to avoid major figures such as Chris, Enel, and Mihawk, limiting themselves to fighting the crew’s ordinary members.
Meanwhile, the nobles and ministers of Pudora Kingdom reveal that they are experienced warriors beneath their former courtly appearances. They equip themselves for battle, demonstrating the kingdom’s tradition that its leaders must be capable of fighting when necessary. Their courage impresses the allied pirates and reinforces why Chris wishes to preserve and potentially win over the people of Pudora.
Combat Commander Isaac and Deputy Battle Captain Hu Ci repeatedly warn everyone not to become arrogant. They know the Chris Pirates are overwhelmingly powerful, having survived a massive artillery barrage without injury, and are concerned that Pudora’s forces remain insufficient despite the reinforcements.
King Yuriton gives the order to march. Isaac leads the combined forces out of the Royal Palace and toward the battlefield. Citizens gather in the square to watch the army depart, recognizing Isaac, Hu Ci, and other leaders. They are especially surprised to discover that the imposing warrior among them is Old Blacksmith Smart.

Character Developments

  • Bull Milo-Teach and allied pirates: Shift from reluctant participants to determined combatants, motivated by survival, rewards, and the chance to gain worldwide fame.
  • Haliya Zina: Displays caution and practical judgment by reminding Rodman of the Chris Pirates’ danger.
  • Old Blacksmith Smart: Reveals both admiration for Chris and deep loyalty to Pudora, choosing to oppose someone he might otherwise have befriended.
  • Louis Cajo: Becomes especially focused on personally testing Chris’s swordsmanship.
  • Aver Bradley and his allies: Show fear and regret, recognizing that they are outmatched and planning to avoid the strongest enemies.
  • Pudora’s nobles and ministers: Reveal hidden military experience and courage, transforming from seemingly weak officials into seasoned warriors.
  • Isaac and Hu Ci: Remain responsible and cautious leaders, aware of the severe disadvantage facing their forces.
  • King Yuriton: Acts decisively by authorizing the army’s departure.

Significant Themes

  • Courage beneath appearances: Pudora’s ministers appear to be ordinary civil officials but reveal themselves as capable warriors when their country is threatened.
  • Duty versus self-interest: Some allies fight for rewards or reputation, while the people of Pudora fight from loyalty and tradition.
  • Respect between enemies: Smart and Louis Cajo demonstrate admiration for Chris even while preparing to fight him.
  • The danger of underestimating an opponent: Isaac, Hu Ci, and Haliya emphasize that the Chris Pirates’ strength cannot be treated lightly.
  • War as spectacle and opportunity: With most of the world watching, the conflict offers the pirates a chance to gain fame and influence.
  • National identity and unity: Pudora’s warrior tradition unites its citizens and strengthens the kingdom’s resistance.

Character Interactions

  • Bull Milo-Teach reassures King Yuriton that the pirates will honor his trust.
  • Rodman and Haliya exchange challenging remarks about Rodman’s readiness for battle.
  • Smart reflects on his complicated feelings toward Chris.
  • Camino and Louis Cajo share enthusiasm about witnessing or fighting Chris.
  • Aver Bradley’s group agrees to avoid the strongest members of the Chris Pirates.
  • Isaac and Hu Ci jointly caution the forces against recklessness.
  • Smart praises the transformed ministers, while the citizens recognize him as one of their own as the army marches out.

Ch. 536/ Chapter 788

Plot points and events

  • Pudora Kingdom assembles its largest-ever army, led by Combat Commander Isaac, to confront the Chris Pirates at the port.
  • Isaac orders even the Royal City Guard to join the march, leaving the capital with only a few thousand defenders. He argues that if the army loses, the kingdom will have no hope regardless, and commits to one decisive battle rather than relying on elaborate plans.
  • Hu Ci voices concern about leaving the capital exposed, but accepts Isaac’s reasoning and orders the guards to join.
  • As the army gathers more troops, Pudora’s princes and ministers admire its size and confidence themselves that their numbers—over a hundred thousand—will overwhelm the pirate crew.
  • At Pudora Kingdom Port, the Chris Pirates arrive aboard the Chris. Their leaders admire the kingdom’s beauty and openly discuss taking it over.
  • The pirates prepare to seize the port, where Leweir and Grant’s garrison is waiting. Lafitte calls on the crew to prove themselves; Doc Q dismisses the defenders as an easy opponent.

Character developments and interactions

  • Isaac shows himself as a pragmatic, determined commander, willing to risk the capital’s defenses for the kingdom’s best chance at the front. Hu Ci challenges the decision, then defers when Isaac explains the stakes.
  • Pudora’s ministers and princes draw confidence from the army’s scale, underestimating the pirates and treating numbers as decisive.
  • Reiju reveals a hardened side shaped by her past leading Vinsmoke forces against other nations. She accepts conquest as part of a world ruled by strength.
  • Baccarat, Betty, Nami, Alvida, and Makino look forward to claiming Pudora, while acknowledging that the port’s defenders will have to be overcome. Makino frames the campaign as a chance for the women to demonstrate their ability to help govern.
  • Lafitte urges the crew to prove themselves, while Doc Q expresses contempt for the port guards.

Significant themes

  • Strength and survival: Both sides see military power as the deciding factor, though Pudora trusts its numbers while the pirates trust their combat ability.
  • Risk and commitment: Isaac abandons a more cautious strategy and commits nearly all available forces to a single battle.
  • Conquest and governance: The pirates view Pudora not only as territory to take but as a place they might rule; some see the coming fight as a chance to earn that role.
  • Confidence versus underestimation: Pudora’s leaders are buoyed by their huge army, while the pirates appear equally certain of victory—setting up a clash between competing assumptions.

Ch. 537/ Chapter 790

Key plot points and events

  • At Pudora Kingdom Port, the Chris Pirates face more than ten thousand soldiers. The Division Commanders eagerly debate who will fight which section, while Doc Q and Demon Gin note that their wide-area powers would make the battle less enjoyable—or harder for their own side to avoid.
  • The commanders suspect the kingdom has deliberately left the troops in place to test the pirates. Jinbe and Kuma warn that this may signal Pudora’s substantial reserves and that the kingdom could also have Marine or New World pirate allies.
  • Chris accepts the test and turns it into an opportunity to train his crew and demonstrate their strength. He orders the Division Commanders to defeat the garrison within ten minutes, leaving the soldiers’ fate clear.
  • Burgess, Bellamy, and the other commanders leap ashore to begin the assault. Lafitte and Enel stay behind to watch; Enel expects the real opponents to appear only after this easy fight.

Character developments and interactions

  • Chris is calm but ruthless, welcoming the chance to reveal his crew’s abilities rather than conceal them. His order reminds the commanders of his cold, decisive side.
  • The Division Commanders are eager to fight and agree to divide the troops so each can test their skills. Burgess and Bellamy lead the charge.
  • Jinbe and Kuma urge caution, interpreting the abandoned garrison as evidence of Pudora’s resources and strategic confidence. Hawkins and Kuro help identify the likely purpose of the deployment.
  • Enel is dismissive of the soldiers and waits for a stronger opponent; Lafitte understands that the commanders, long confined aboard ship, will relish the chance to let loose.
  • Doc Q and Demon Gin are less interested because their area attacks are poorly suited to a controlled test against a dense mass of troops.

Significant themes

  • Power displayed as strategy: Chris sees no benefit in hiding the crew’s abilities; proving strength openly may build their reputation.
  • Underestimating an opponent is dangerous: The garrison appears weak, but its use as a disposable test suggests Pudora has considerable resources and may pose a larger threat.
  • Combat as training and spectacle: The coming battle is framed both as practice for the commanders and as a public demonstration of the pirates’ power.

Ch. 538/ Chapter 792

Key plot points and events

  • Chris allows Reiju, Alvida, Nami, Kaya, and the others to join the attack on the Pudora Kingdom’s garrison, giving them a chance to test their abilities in real combat.
  • Perona joins eagerly, while Baccarat jokes that Perona is more likely to frighten and humiliate the enemy than be embarrassed herself.
  • Chris also invites the rank-and-file pirates to fight, warning them that they must look after themselves.
  • To reward ambition, he promises a Division Commander’s position to any ordinary pirate who kills more enemies than a current commander. The offer sparks a rush to the battlefield: nearly a thousand pirates leave the ship, out of a crew of roughly five thousand.
  • Chris is pleased to see his crew’s growing drive and unity. His allies observe that the kingdom’s garrison is vastly outmatched; the outcome seems settled before the battle begins.

Character developments and interactions

  • Nami, Kaya, and the other women are excited to put their training and new Devil Fruit powers to the test, despite having little prior combat experience.
  • Reiju remains confident in her speed and Germa 66 equipment, while Alvida urges the others to hurry before the commanders take all the action.
  • Perona insists on representing the crew; Baccarat playfully needles her about her talent for causing others distress.
  • Chris shows confidence in his subordinates, encouraging them to take risks while making clear he will not rescue those who overreach. His promotion challenge gives low-ranking pirates a chance to rise through strength.
  • Lafitte sees the surge as evidence that the crew’s rules and values have taken hold. Doflamingo is intrigued by the prospect of an unknown pirate surpassing a commander.
  • Jinbe, Kuma, and Mihawk discuss the scale of the coming fight, emphasizing the overwhelming power of elite fighters.

Significant themes

  • Ambition and advancement: Rank is not fixed; strength and achievement can earn anyone a higher position.
  • Self-reliance and risk: Chris offers opportunity but leaves each fighter responsible for their own survival.
  • Unity and belonging: A crew formed from many different groups is increasingly becoming a single organization with shared goals.
  • The imbalance of power: The discussion highlights how exceptionally powerful individuals can overcome enormous numbers, especially through Devil Fruit abilities and Haki.

Ch. 539Chapter 793 / Chapter 794

Plot and events

  • Chris’s forces reach the Pudora Kingdom’s port, where a large, well-organized garrison is waiting. Chris treats the clash as little more than training, confident that the Division Commanders can handle it.
  • Commander-in-Chief Leweir orders the soldiers to charge rather than wait for the attackers to strike.
  • The garrison surrounds the Division Commanders, but its numbers and coordination prove insufficient against their strength.
  • Burgess charges into the soldiers bare-handed, knocking many down. When dozens converge on him, he reveals another weapon: a powerful roar that blasts them away. He immediately resumes attacking.
  • Bellamy uses his spring-like movements to evade the soldiers and strike from unexpected angles, sending his opponents flying into the air.
  • Luo watches the commotion without joining in yet. Some soldiers mistake his stillness for weakness and prepare to attack him.

Character developments and interactions

  • Chris remains detached and confident, viewing the battle as a casual exercise rather than a serious threat.
  • Burgess relishes close combat and demonstrates that he can use more than his fists.
  • Bellamy is equally enthusiastic, using speed and surprise to overwhelm the garrison.
  • Luo coolly dismisses the soldiers’ belief that numbers can overcome the gap in strength. He comments on Burgess and Bellamy’s energetic fighting.
  • Hawkins taunts the soldiers, suggesting that their numbers will only make him harder to kill.
  • Cavendish welcomes the return to battle and openly expresses his desire to kill.
  • Leweir and Grant take charge of the defenders, but the excerpt shows the garrison’s assault quickly losing momentum against the Division Commanders.

Significant themes

  • Strength versus numbers: The garrison’s discipline and large size cannot compensate for the Division Commanders’ superior abilities.
  • Individual fighting styles: The commanders’ varied powers and temperaments turn the battle into a showcase of distinct approaches.
  • Confidence and underestimation: The invaders treat the fight casually, while the garrison’s soldiers misjudge commanders such as Luo at their peril.

Ch. 540/ Chapter 796

Plot points and events

  • Luo demonstrates his Room ability against Pudora Kingdom soldiers, transforming those who charge him by rearranging their bodies into grotesque combinations. The remaining soldiers retreat in fear.
  • Hawkins is repeatedly attacked, but his wounds heal while matching injuries appear on other soldiers, who die. The attackers grow confused and frightened, then continue fighting under threat of death for anyone who retreats.
  • Hawkins explains that their attacks cannot harm him unless all of his straw dolls are destroyed. He draws his sword and cuts down the soldiers around him.
  • From the Chris, the alliance watches the battle. Chris explains that Hawkins’s Straw-Straw Fruit lets him use straw dolls hidden inside other people as substitutes for his own life.
  • Mihawk and Chris recognize Hawkins’s swordsmanship potential, suggesting that instruction from Chris could help Hawkins—and Luo—develop skills they have never properly trained.

Character developments and interactions

  • Luo shows casual confidence and frightening control over his power, defeating attackers with little apparent effort.
  • Hawkins remains composed under attack and reveals how effectively he has refined his ability, concealing the placement of his straw dolls even from fellow Warlords.
  • Chris explains Hawkins’s power to the others and identifies his potential as a swordsman.
  • Jinbe, Moria, and Hancock react with admiration and curiosity; Hancock specifically questions how Hawkins placed his dolls unnoticed.
  • Mihawk offers a practical assessment of Hawkins’s sword and recommends that Chris guide his training.
  • Pudora’s soldiers shift from confidence to fear, but their leaders force them back into battle.

Significant themes

  • The terror of unfamiliar powers: Both Luo’s body-altering ability and Hawkins’s damage-transfer technique make ordinary attacks seem futile.
  • Hidden skill and strategic advantage: Hawkins’s concealed dolls show that mastering an ability can matter as much as raw strength.
  • Potential and mentorship: The discussion of Hawkins and Luo suggests that natural talent can remain underdeveloped without proper instruction.
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