Recaps

The Hohenzollern Conglomerate and East Africa transformed the Neretva River downstream valley into a prosperous, German-speaking industrial region under Austro-Hungarian rule. The chapter ends with the Austro-Hungarian Empire relying on the Chinese population there as its most dependable source of troops in Bosnia.

• The Hohenzollern Conglomerate worked with the Austro-Hungarian military to push Ottoman remnants and Serbian immigrants out of the Neretva River downstream valley and into inland Bosnia.
• East African investment and Far Eastern immigration made the Chinese the valley’s dominant ethnic group and strengthened Austro-Hungarian control over the region.
• East African capital developed Ploče Port City and Mostar City with industries including textiles, food processing, and aluminum production, while the Mostar Hydroelectric Power Station neared completion.
• Kerlev celebrated the power station’s completion and described its role in supplying electricity to Mostar’s growing industries.
• The Hohenzollern Conglomerate used its local influence to remove Mostar’s first mayor after he proved incompetent.
• The Austro-Hungarian Empire increasingly conscripted the valley’s Chinese residents, valuing their German-language education, discipline, and obedience as a reliable basis for Bosnia’s army.

East Africa’s officials in Mostar gathered to relay secret preparations for a possible war, fearing Serbia’s ambitions toward the Neretva River downstream valley. They left the region preparing to defend East Africa’s strategic foothold if conflict engulfed the Balkans.

• East Africa prioritized securing the Neretva River downstream valley as a coastal foothold and trade route in case the Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrated.
• Hagen gathered local business, political, and military figures at Mostar International Winery to convey instructions from the Imperial Government.
• Hagen announced that East Africa had ordered secret preparations for war and warned that outside forces, particularly Serbia, coveted the region.
• Ross questioned whether Serbia could threaten the area, and Hagen warned that Serbian nationalist ambitions could stir surrounding Slavic territories into encircling it.
• Kerlev agreed that Serbia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were likely to fight, and the gathered officials recognized that Mostar could become a front line.

East Africa prepared the Neretva River downstream valley for revolt while Laitard stirred workers against Serbian nationalism and religious extremism. In Rhine City, Ernst warned Constantin that Germany’s confrontation with France over Agadir could bring Europe to war.

• Mostar City officials and East African agents organized a shadow government and began moving weapons and supplies into the Neretva River downstream valley in 1911.
• Laitard used a factory safety class to warn Mostar workers about Serbian nationalism and religious extremism, arguing that their livelihoods and status were at risk.
• Factories and local media spread anti-extremist propaganda as East African weapons flowed secretly into rural areas, unbeknownst to Austro-Hungarian officials.
• On July 1, 1911, an urgent telegram reported that Germany had sent a warship to Agadir and provoked a fierce French response.
• Ernst told Constantin that Germany and France might go to war, citing their irreconcilable interests, rising nationalism, and Germany’s military expansion.

Ernst tried to prevent Germany and France from going to war during the Agadir Crisis before East Africa had finished preparing its industry for a European conflict. Germany sought France’s Gabon Colony as compensation for its Moroccan maneuver, and negotiations began with France rejecting the demand while both sides remained cautious.

• East African intelligence reported that German and French forces were gathering, prompting Ernst to order the Foreign Ministry to urge both governments to avoid rash action.
• Freer told Ernst that Germany intended to negotiate over Morocco and wanted France’s Gabon Colony as compensation, along with East African support.
• Ernst directed East Africa to maneuver between Germany and France while maintaining neutrality, and Freer personally monitored the diplomatic agencies to prevent officials from favoring Germany.
• Germany and France began negotiations on July 9, and France rejected Germany’s demand for Gabon while both governments continued talks rather than going to war.

After France ceded French Gabon to Germany, the chapter followed the Luanda City Agricultural Research Institute’s evaluation of West African cultivated rice. Professor Andre explained its low yield and local resilience, and how hybrid rice research might turn those advantages into practical results.

• France yielded French Gabon to Germany, while Germany’s aggression made Britain more wary and improved its attitude toward France.
• On August 2, 1911, Director Andre and researchers harvested the rice in Experimental Field No. 0273 and recorded a yield of about seventy-five kilograms per mu.
• He Bo explained to intern Kelder that the rice came from West Africa and differed from the Asian varieties commonly grown in East Africa.
• Andre described how researchers had collected native African rice in thirteen West African locations and linked it to wild short-tongued wild rice.
• Andre explained that African rice’s local climate and pest resistance could make it valuable despite its low yield, especially if combined with other varieties through hybridization.
• Andre said the Mbeya City Rice Research Center had achieved preliminary progress in hybrid rice research and might help transfer African rice’s strengths to new varieties.

Andre encouraged He Bo and the Luanda City Agricultural Research Institute to develop drought-resistant hybrid rice for East Africa. In Harare city, new investment rules opened light-industry businesses to private operators, prompting Anka to leave his hotel job and prepare to open a restaurant.

• Andre explained to He Bo and the other researchers that drought-resistant rice could improve farming in East Africa's arid and semi-arid regions, and urged them to keep learning.
• As the Third Five-Year Plan advanced, Harare city began transforming its heavy industry and announced that private individuals could invest in more than one hundred industries.
• Anka told his master, Pruss Wang, that he planned to resign from the Berlin State-run Hotel and start a food business.
• Anka explained that he had savings and could buy furniture from a local carpenter, while Pruss Wang offered to help if he needed money.
• Pruss Wang wished Anka success and asked him to carry forward Huai cuisine in Harare city.

Ernst advanced East Africa’s New Economic Policy, encouraging private businesses and market competition while preparing officials to manage the resulting disorder. The reforms brought crime and regulatory challenges but also expanded urban employment, consumer goods, and foreign investment.

• Anka opened a small restaurant near his parents’ hemp textile factory after Pruss Wang encouraged him to make his own way.
• Small private businesses spread across Harare and other East African cities as the government introduced economic reforms.
• Ernst told officials to proceed gradually, tolerate minor early problems, record legal loopholes, and crack down on large-scale crime.
• Ernst urged state-owned enterprises in non-key industries to adapt to competition and directed the National Planning Committee to guide market activity through policy.
• The reforms brought a short-term rise in illegal activity, but the situation remained controllable as urban employment, market goods, and foreign investment increased.

Congo Colony Governor Klein traveled to Bangui city and was stunned by East Africa’s modern infrastructure and rural development. Guman explained that Bangui was only a middling city by East African standards, leaving Klein to reflect on how quickly Cabinda had surpassed Black Point.

• Klein traveled through East Africa and observed extensive farms, railways, roads, electricity, and modern villages, which he judged comparable to Europe’s rural development.
• Klein and his assistant Robinson arrived in Bangui city after a week and marveled at its size and modern construction.
• Guman told the Belgian delegation that Bangui had over two hundred thousand residents but was only a middle-tier provincial capital in East Africa.
• Klein asked whether other East African cities matched Bangui, and Guman described it as exceptional for the underdeveloped Northwest Region.
• Klein acknowledged that Cabinda had grown rapidly and had already far outpaced Black Point.

East African Special Envoy Mori convened representatives of Belgium, the Kingdom of Southern Germany, and German Cameroon in Bangui city to propose a joint Central Africa Economic Cooperation Organization led by East Africa. Belgium and German Cameroon were receptive, though Germany and Belgium still needed to approve the proposal, while the Kingdom of Southern Germany already supported it.

• Guman escorted Governor-General Klein and the Belgian delegation from Black Point to Bangui city for the conference.
• Mori welcomed the representatives and presented Bangui city's development as a demonstration of East Africa's regional strength.
• Mori proposed that the four countries cooperate to develop Central Africa and establish a Central Africa Economic Cooperation Organization.
• Klein asked for East Africa's specific plans, and Mori described Central Africa's strategic importance as a link between East Africa and West Africa.
• Belgium welcomed the cooperative framework, and Governor Xavier agreed it could benefit German Cameroon but said Germany would need to give instructions.
• The Kingdom of Southern Germany supported the proposal, while Belgium also needed to refer it to its government.

Mori persuaded German and Belgian representatives to support East Africa’s plan for a Central African Economic Cooperation Organization, which was established after their governments approved it by telegraph. In Rhine City, Ernst and Svit described the organization as a way to bind Central Africa to East Africa’s economic sphere, while Ernst identified the Dutch East Indies as a future target for expansion.

• Mori proposed interconnected transport, joint resource development, open regional markets, and unified tariffs to German representative Xavier and Belgian Congo Governor Klein.
• Xavier said he would consult Germany, while Klein expressed Belgium’s strong interest in the proposal.
• The German and Belgian delegations telegraphed their governments from Bangui, and the Central African Economic Cooperation Organization was established under East African leadership.
• In Rhine City, Ernst called for Central African transport infrastructure to follow East African standards and said the region would become an economic zone centered on East Africa.
• Svit described the organization as a means to deepen East African influence and support future expansion across Africa.
• Ernst identified the Dutch-controlled East Indies as a future target but said East Africa was not yet positioned to challenge the Netherlands because Britain supported it.

In 1912, East Africa sought to keep the Huaihai Economic Zone out of the Far East Empire’s political upheaval and prevent war from damaging its trade and regional industry. East Africa reached agreements with local forces and both governments, while Ernst planned to strengthen local interests as a future obstacle to Japan.

• East Africa dispatched diplomats to negotiate with the Northern and Southern governments as unrest intensified in the Far East Empire.
• In Xuzhou, Mannheim told local forces to avoid choosing sides or joining the conflict and urged them to preserve peace in the Huaihai Economic Zone.
• The local leaders agreed with Mannheim, valuing the stability and economic development that cooperation with East Africa had brought them.
• East Africa warned both governments that it would not permit large-scale war in the Huaihai Economic Zone, though it would not interfere elsewhere.
• Ernst sought to preserve Huaihai’s industry and support Far East Empire forces as a future counter to Japan, while preparing for East Africa to abandon its regional interests.

A Maputo City delegation traveled to Berlin to attract foreign investment as East Africa liberalized its policies. After discussing Maputo’s limits and East Africa’s government-directed economy, Rog’s account convinced Will that the city offered investment potential.

• The Maputo City delegation arrived in Berlin seeking development funds after Portugal proved too weak to meet the city’s needs.
• Will asked Rog about Maputo’s standing, and Rog explained that its southern location, limited resources, and modest policy support restricted its development.
• Will questioned East Africa’s government-controlled economy, and Rog described the system as familiar to East Africans while noting that reforms had enabled the delegation’s investment mission.
• Will asked Rog about Maputo’s population, income, resources, and enterprises, then recognized the city’s potential if its resources were used well.

Rog outlined Maputo City’s efforts to attract factories and foreign capital, prompting Will to consider Rooney Bank’s expansion into East Africa. In Rhine City, Ernst backed further borrowing to rapidly build East Africa’s industries ahead of a possible European war.

• Rog explained Maputo City’s investment opportunities to Will and gave him a business card so he could arrange a future inspection.
• East African cities sent more than 1,200 commercial delegations abroad in 1912 to attract investment and loans.
• Svit told Ernst that East Africa’s national foreign debt exceeded 3 billion Rheinland Shields and that borrowing had spurred economic growth.
• Ernst said East Africa could borrow another 3 billion, mainly from Britain, France, and Germany, and use the funds to expand industrial capacity.

East Africa’s New Economic Policy fueled a rapid boom that brought rising demand but also overproduction and pressure on state-owned industry. At Kabwe Mining Company, Morse and Klein chose to expand production and improve employee pay, while Kabwe’s future depended on whether the city could adapt to the changing economy.

• Foreign investment poured into East Africa, and factories multiplied as the economy surged under the New Economic Policy.
• Kabwe Mining Company’s managers reported that rising demand for lead and zinc had left the company unable to fulfill its growing backlog of orders.
• Enro described the disorderly private market and warned that foreign competitors posed a threat, while Will urged the company to triple production capacity.
• Morse supported proactive reform in line with government policy, and Klein agreed that the company should expand output and improve wages and overtime pay.
• Kabwe faced the risk of losing talent and investment to more attractive cities, leaving its government and enterprises to choose a path for the city’s future.

Kleyi Village received four rice transplanters as East Africa accelerated rural mechanization. Village chief Boka selected ten young men for June training, expecting them to bring machinery skills back to the village.

• Boka used the village broadcast system to summon residents to the Agricultural Machinery Institute after new agricultural machines arrived.
• Joseph explained to Boka that the four machines were rice transplanters and described their labor-saving benefits and maintenance needs.
• Boka told the villagers that the town would hold operator training in June and asked who wanted to attend.
• Boka selected ten recently graduated young men as training candidates because he believed they would learn quickly and teach others.

The East African cruiser Luanda received a distress signal and found the Titanic sinking after striking an iceberg in the North Atlantic. Captain Garland and his crew rescued everyone still aboard, leaving Luanda crowded with more than a thousand survivors.

• Antonio and Karl identified a nearby vessel's distress signal, and Antonio reported it to Captain Garland.
• Garland ordered Luanda to change course, prepare for danger, and investigate the distress call.
• Luanda rescued survivors from a lifeboat, whose sailor reported that the Titanic had struck an iceberg and was sinking.
• Garland learned that the survivors could not locate the Titanic, so Luanda searched for the wreck using accounts from other lifeboats.
• Luanda's crew organized a rapid evacuation from the Titanic and rescued everyone remaining aboard by 1:54.
• Luanda kept its distance as the Titanic sank, ending up packed with more than a thousand survivors.

After the Luanda rescued survivors from the sinking Titanic, Ernst saw the incident as a chance to improve East Africa’s image in Britain and attract British investment, loans, and trade. He ordered rewards for the cruiser’s crew and told East African officials to use the rescue to change public opinion.

• The Titanic sank, and the Luanda returned to guide surviving lifeboats to safety before withdrawing when another British merchant ship arrived.
• Ernst received the Luanda’s report and ordered rewards for the cruiser’s officers and sailors.
• Ernst told Merke that East Africa’s propaganda department should publicize the rescue to improve the country’s image in Europe and America, especially Britain.
• Ernst explained that favorable British opinion could help East Africa secure funding, investment, and access to British colonial markets.

East Africa debated how to respond to an impending war between the Balkan nations and the Ottoman Empire, weighing trade routes and diplomatic ties against the Ottoman Empire’s likely defeat. The government leaned toward supporting the Ottomans, but Constantin urged siding with the Balkan nations, leaving East Africa’s policy unsettled.

• East African media exposed White Star Line’s responsibility for the Titanic disaster while correcting British and American false reports.
• Ernst asked his advisers how East Africa should respond to the Balkan nations’ preparations for war against the Ottoman Empire.
• Svit argued that East Africa should favor the Ottoman Empire because it controlled Constantinople and mattered to East African trade and regional interests.
• Merke cautioned against openly supporting the Ottoman Empire too strongly, since East Africa also had good relations with the Balkan nations.
• Many East African officials favored the Ottoman Empire because it shared common interests with East Africa and opposed British influence in the Indian Ocean.
• Constantin argued that East Africa should side with the Balkan nations, warning that the Ottoman Empire was likely to lose and that backing it could isolate East Africa diplomatically.

Ernst directed East Africa to avoid taking sides in the Balkan crisis while seeking arms sales and trade, beginning with the Ottoman Empire. East Africa and the Ottoman Empire agreed to a military order handover in Kuwait, and their broader trade helped ease East Africa’s overproduction.

• Ernst decided East Africa would take a wait-and-see stance toward the Balkan war while entering the region’s arms market.
• East Africa contacted the Ottoman Empire, which welcomed closer cooperation and agreed to a military order in May 1912, with the handover set for Kuwait.
• East Africa sold the Ottoman Empire rifles, machine guns, and military supplies, while also exporting civilian goods such as grain, sugar, and cotton.
• Trade with the Ottoman Empire eased East Africa’s industrial and agricultural overcapacity and strengthened government support for the relationship.

The Balkan League declared war on the Ottoman Empire after the Ottoman government rejected its ultimatum, beginning the First Balkan War. In Rhine City, Ernst and his advisers assessed the League’s strength and considered how the conflict might shape Germany’s position and East Africa’s future choices.

• In October 1912, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro formed the Balkan League and demanded autonomy for Macedonia and Thrace.
• The Ottoman government rejected the ultimatum, and the Balkan League nations declared war before October 20, launching the First Balkan War.
• Merke described the League’s rapid mobilization of more than 700,000 troops, while Svit pointed to its backing from Britain, France, and Russia.
• Ernst predicted that the Ottoman Empire would suffer a crushing defeat and hoped its weakness would make it a more useful ally for Germany than Italy.
• Ernst decided East Africa would remain outside any future European war until the battlefield situation showed a clear advantage, while watching the growing rivalry between Russia and Austria-Hungary in the Balkans.

After the Balkan Wars began, Constantin died in 1913 at the age of 113, plunging East Africa into mourning. His funeral drew worldwide attention, and Ernst prepared to govern as emperor while European powers watched for changes in East Africa’s policies.

• Ernst anticipated that the Austro-Hungarian Empire’s conflict with Serbia could trigger a European war and had arranged for East Africa to support a friendly regime in Bosnia if the empire disintegrated.
• On February 3, 1913, Emperor Constantin died, devastating Ernst and East Africa.
• East Africa held seven days of mourning and a grand state funeral for Constantin, whose body was laid to rest in Rhine Cathedral.
• Representatives from major nations attended Constantin’s funeral, and more than two hundred thousand people joined the procession in Rhine City.
• After Constantin’s death, Ernst began handling state affairs as emperor, prompting European countries—especially France—to worry about East Africa’s future policies.

After Constantin’s death, France probed Ernst about East Africa’s support for Bulgaria and whether it had coordinated with Germany. Ernst denied any alliance or wider ambitions, and Thomson left reassured enough to negotiate French purchases of East African raw materials that could otherwise supply German industry.

• The Second Balkan War began after disputes over the division of Ottoman territory, with East Africa, Germany, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire backing Bulgaria while other powers supported Bulgaria’s opponents.
• At Rhine Palace, Ambassador Thomson asked Ernst whether East Africa had coordinated with Germany and what it intended in the Balkan conflict.
• Ernst said East Africa supported Bulgaria because of their existing military relationship and denied that East Africa and the Austro-Hungarian Empire’s actions showed a broader alliance with Germany.
• Ernst pointed to East Africa’s economic priorities and relatively small navy as evidence that it did not intend to expand its influence or join a conflict between Germany and France.
• Thomson negotiated major French orders for East African materials, aiming to raise the cost of Germany’s access to strategic raw materials.

East Africa welcomed French efforts to win its favor but remained wary of Germany’s offer of an alliance. The East African government chose to support Germany without entering a war, preferring to preserve Britain’s Indian Ocean order until East Africa could gradually expand its influence.

• Ernst welcomed France’s attempt to draw East Africa closer, believing competition between France and Germany would bring East Africa greater benefits.
• Kamon urged East Africa to ally with Germany, promising British colonies and Indian Ocean hegemony.
• Friel told Kamon that East Africa would support Germany in every way except by joining a war.
• East Africa’s government weighed the risks of antagonizing Britain, Russia, the United States, and Japan, as Britain controlled key trade routes and strategic positions.
• East Africa decided that Germany was unlikely to defeat its European rivals and that neutrality offered greater security and opportunity.

Ernst refused Kamon’s request for military support against France but arranged preferential trade treatment for Germany as East Africa maintained neutrality. He then reviewed East Africa’s military assets, which made it strong enough to protect its neutral status but poorly suited to overseas warfare.

• Ernst warned Kamon that Germany risked being worn down by France, Russia, and Britain, but Kamon insisted Germany could defeat France and contain Russia with Austro-Hungarian support.
• Ernst declined to support Germany militarily, citing East Africa’s distance from Europe, while offering help in other areas; Kamon thanked him for the support.
• After Kamon left, Ernst approved preferential trade treatment for Germany, and East Africa’s diplomatic stance settled on neutrality alongside the United States.
• Merke reported that East Africa had 460,000 troops, the world’s fourth-largest force by numbers, and substantial mobilization potential.
• Merke described East Africa’s army as well equipped, with particular advantages in military vehicles, armored units, and aviation; its air force had become independent from the army.
• Ernst’s review showed that East Africa’s distance from likely conflicts and limited overseas military capacity constrained its ability to fight beyond the continent.

Merke described East Africa’s army modernization, artillery strength, communications network, and growing navy. East Africa had reached 680,000 tons of naval tonnage, using Japan’s continued expansion to justify breaching the limits of its treaty with Britain.

• Merke said East Africa retained traditional infantry and cavalry alongside armored and motorized units to limit military costs.
• Merke outlined the army’s artillery strength and doctrine, emphasizing its combination of mobile 75-millimeter guns, heavy artillery, and infantry firepower.
• Merke described East Africa’s expanding use of radio, telephones, and wired telegraphs for military communications.
• Merke reported that the East African Navy had grown to 680,000 tons, exceeding the treaty’s original 650,000-ton minimum.
• Japan continued expanding its navy despite British pressure, giving East Africa grounds under the treaty to expand its own fleet.
• Ernst’s treaty provision let East Africa use Japan’s naval ambitions to evade Britain’s restrictions, leaving Britain unable to stop East African expansion.