The Particle Edifice Is Finally Complete! The Standard Model Stuns the World! The Grand Dao Sixty-Two! The Graviton Slips Away!

The quark model proposed by Gell-Mann explained the bewildering variety of hadrons.

And more and more experiments showed that hadrons such as the Proton did indeed possess finer internal structures.

Thus, quark theory gradually gained acceptance and became the consensus.

But before long, physicists' faith began to burn brightly again.

For instance, the big shot Glashow said:

"Take a look, everyone."

"There are four kinds of leptons: the electron and Electron Neutrino, the muon and Muon Neutrino."

"But there are only three kinds of quarks. Isn't that asymmetrical?" (Antiquarks didn't count.)

"There should be four kinds of quarks!"

Glashow even directly named the fourth quark the [Charm Quark c].

The English meaning of "charm" was symmetry.

In other words, it arose entirely from humanity's pursuit of the universe's symmetrical beauty.

But simply proposing it was useless. I could also claim that an eighteenth quark existed: the Dragon Quark.

Evidence had to be found.

Driven by this pure faith, quite a few physicists began searching for the fourth quark.

In November 1974, the research team led by Chinese-American physicist Ding Zhaozhong officially announced that, in experiments smashing Protons into Protons, they had discovered a new particle named the [J Particle].

At the same time, another research team used electron-positron collisions and discovered the same particle, naming it the [Psi Particle].

Thus, this particle came to be known as the [J/Psi Particle].

Studies of the J/Psi Particle revealed that its properties were extremely peculiar, and its lifetime was vastly different from theoretical predictions.

(The Uncertainty Principle could be used to calculate a particle's lifetime.)

The existing three-quark model could not explain this lifetime issue.

And so, the fourth quark proposed by Glashow came into play.

With the Charm Quark, the four-quark model could explain the J/Psi Particle's lifetime with great precision.

Moreover,