Recaps

A Spanish fleet reached New Frankfurt Port, where dockworker Little Monkey secretly raced to send word as the Japanese learned of the Holy Roman Empire’s support for Spain. Emperor Meiji and his officials protested but accepted that Japan was too weak to challenge the great power.

• A Spanish fleet arrived at New Frankfurt Port, and dockworker Little Monkey pretended to be ill to get away and run toward the telegraph office.
• Emperor Meiji convened an Imperial Conference after learning that the Spanish fleet had reached Sulawesi and was anchored at New Frankfurt Port.
• Admiral Ito Sukeyuki condemned the Foreign Ministry for failing to anticipate the Holy Roman Empire’s support for Spain.
• Saionji Kinmochi explained that a secret port-sharing treaty from forty years earlier required the Holy Roman Empire to provide Spain with logistical support.
• Saionji reported that the Holy Roman Empire had accepted responsibility and invited Japan to declare war, leaving the Japanese officials furious and powerless.
• Emperor Meiji ordered his officials to contain their anger and wait for a future opportunity to repay the humiliation.

Britain and Japan signed a secret pact to protect their interests in the South Seas and support Japan with warships for its war against Spain. At New Frankfurt Port, Spanish Admiral Walckenheim arranged urgent fleet maintenance while learning that Governor Chandler would not offer Spain further support.

• Britain signed the Anglo-Japanese South Seas Secret Pact with Japan, including an agreement to sell Japan warships for the Japanese-Spanish War.
• The British and Japanese kept their pact secret because they feared drawing Spain and the Netherlands closer to the Holy Roman Empire.
• At a banquet in New Frankfurt Port, Admiral Walckenheim learned that Governor Chandler would not attend or provide Spain with additional support.
• Walckenheim asked Sir Witte when the Spanish fleet could receive maintenance, and Witte offered to split it among several repair yards to finish within a week.
• Walckenheim accepted the plan and stressed that Spain needed to recover the Philippine Islands before other powers challenged its claim.

France’s bankrupt and unstable Revolutionary Government struggled to meet the Continental Alliance’s demand to restore the monarchy as famine and refugees threatened Paris. Outside the city, General Yevgeny worried that unrest could jeopardize France’s reparations payments, while Lieutenant General Andrei proposed looting machinery.

• President Baptiste learned from Foreign Minister Fernandes that the Continental Alliance demanded France select a king within a month, and that the Holy Roman Empire had cut planned grain exports.
• Prime Minister Michael warned that refugees and unemployment were overwhelming local governments, relief supplies were inadequate, and disorder was spreading across France.
• A middle-aged refugee led his family toward Paris, promising his hungry son they would find food in the capital.
• General Yevgeny worried that the growing refugee crisis might prevent the French Government from paying reparations to Russia.
• Lieutenant General Andrei suggested seizing French machinery, but Yevgeny rejected the idea because French equipment could not fit Russia’s Austrian-standard industrial system.

As Paris descended into rebellion, President Baptiste sought Russian troops to save his government, but General Yevgeny received orders forbidding intervention. The uprising continued unchecked as the Russians refused to answer France’s call for help.

• The Socialist Party prepared to seize an arsenal, but Chief James Rennes’s police raid triggered their uprising when nearby rebels answered the gong signal and shot down the officers.
• Rebellion spread through Paris as residents and armed nobles joined the fighting, while President Baptiste learned that the military would not suppress the revolt.
• Prime Minister Michael urged Baptiste to call on the Russian Army, and Baptiste agreed despite the political cost of inviting foreign troops to crush a domestic rebellion.
• General Yevgeny received Allied Headquarters’ order not to intervene in Paris and told his commanders to stand down.
• When Baptiste called for help, Yevgeny pretended he had gone to sleep and refused to take the call.

Franz weighed the competing claims to the French throne and pressured the royalists to choose a king, while Britain debated how to protect its interests amid the upheaval in Paris. The succession remained unsettled, and Gladstone ordered covert contacts with French opponents of Vienna as a possible future counterweight.

• Franz ruled out the Bonaparte Dynasty as a candidate and considered the Bourbon and Orleans claims, but could not identify a suitable heir.
• Franz ordered the Foreign Ministry to pressure the French royalists to agree on a king within the year, threatening to withhold grain if they failed.
• Wessenberg told Franz that the royalists had strong private troops and military control, while the Republicans remained divided.
• Gladstone and George discussed how Vienna's pressure on the royalists could leave Napoleon IV without a chance to return.
• Gladstone ordered secret contacts with French figures opposed to Vienna and instructed Britain to invest in some of them.

Daniel’s Second Revolutionary Government executed former president Robert while trying to consolidate power amid hunger, purges, and royalist plotting. As Daniel worked to gain control of the military, the royalist factions secretly coordinated and threatened the revolution’s survival.

• Daniel ordered Robert held safely until a public trial before his execution, intending to use the former president’s death to intimidate opponents.
• On March 11, 1893, a crowd gathered at Versailles Square as Robert was taken to the guillotine, while General Yevgeny watched and reflected on France’s food crisis and political violence.
• Yevgeny and Lieutenant General Andrew discussed the danger the new government posed to France’s nobles, but Yevgeny rejected military intervention and warned that Daniel was a capable opponent.
• Daniel’s subordinate Buck reported that the Legitimist, Orleanist, and Bonapartist factions had held a secret meeting but had not yet reached an agreement.
• Daniel told Buck to avoid provoking the nobles, accelerate the revolutionary government’s infiltration of the military, and recruit released French prisoners of war into its forces.

The Japanese and Spanish fleets fought a costly decisive battle in the Philippine Sea as Holy Roman Empire observers gathered naval intelligence. Governor Chandler and Ares assessed Japan’s mixed naval readiness and the stakes of the Philippines, while the South Seas Governorate hoped Spain’s defeat would open a path to acquire the wealthy islands.

• The Naniwa took heavy damage and began sinking, but Togo Heihachiro ordered its crew to keep firing until Admiral Ito Sukeyuki ordered damaged ships to evacuate their personnel.
• The Fuso also sank as Japan’s older, recently purchased ships faced Spain’s newer warships, while the Japanese fleet relied on its numerical advantage and neither side’s forces retreated from the battle.
• Governor Chandler and Holy Roman Empire observers recorded the battle from ships and airships, and Chandler ordered his men to rotate shifts so they could continue gathering data.
• Chandler and Ares discussed the Japanese Navy’s uneven performance, with Ares arguing that Japan had little choice but to fight before Spain could exploit its untrained crews.
• Chandler explained that Japan’s control of the Philippines brought it immense wealth and resources, and he and other South Seas colonizers hoped Spain’s defeat would give them a chance to claim the islands.

The Philippine Sea battle ended without a clear victor: Spain sank more ships, while Japan used its willingness to fight to the death to impress foreign powers. With both fleets badly damaged, General Walckenheim sought Governor Chandler’s help salvaging the Madrid, but Chandler blamed the repair yards and left Walckenheim asking what Spain must offer for assistance.

• Walckenheim learned that the Madrid had been hit and that Major General Alfondas had been killed, while Wintergel took command.
• Ito Sukeyuki refused to withdraw the damaged Tokyo, and the Japanese fleet continued fighting until nightfall, when both sides left the battlefield.
• Franz judged Spain the tactical victor but Japan the strategic victor, then ordered the Foreign Ministry to monitor Spain’s situation.
• The damaged Madrid sank on the retreat, and the Tokyo also sank on its return voyage as both countries declared victory and pursued diplomatic support.
• Walckenheim asked Chandler to help salvage the Madrid, but Chandler claimed the South Seas repair yards could not guarantee their work.
• Walckenheim demanded to know what Spain had to offer to secure Chandler’s help.

Governor Chandler secured Spain’s offer to open the Philippine Islands’ market and lease naval ports, while refusing to annex the islands or openly exploit Spain’s weakness. Britain decided to support Japan with ship repairs, possible loans, and diplomatic backing as the war shifted toward land combat.

• Chandler explained that the Holy Roman Empire would not directly seize the Philippines, and Admiral Walckenheim offered to open the islands’ market in exchange for assistance.
• Chandler proposed that Spain lease several naval ports to the Holy Roman Empire, allowing both governments to preserve appearances while pursuing their interests.
• Foreign Secretary George argued that Britain should support Japan in the South Seas and the Far Eastern Empire against Russia to advance British interests.
• Prime Minister Gladstone approved Japanese ship repairs at British yards, authorized up to 20 million Pound Sterling in loans or war bonds, and ordered increased support for Central Asian guerrillas.
• George reported that Vienna had no plans to intervene directly and said Britain would seek to mediate once Japan gained an advantage, while the Japanese prepared to exploit their population advantage in land fighting.

Franz brokered a compromise among France’s royalist factions, reshaping the succession and allowing the Bonapartists to regain political strength in exchange for giving up their immediate claim to the throne. As the royalists prepared to restore the monarchy, the new government attacked their forces in Paris, where Count Adrian planned a dusk breakout.

• Spanish forces retook most of the islands in the Philippine Campaign, while Franz hoped the prolonged conflict would strengthen Vienna’s influence.
• Franz brought representatives of the Bourbon, Orleans, and Bonaparte dynasties together, and Napoleon IV agreed to abdicate and abandon the Bonapartist claim to the imperial throne.
• The factions agreed that Carlos would stand first in the French succession, Fili second, and Napoleon IV’s son third, while the Bonapartists secured protection for their supporters and property.
• The new French government launched a surprise purge of royalist forces in Paris after learning that the factions had agreed to restore the monarchy.
• Count Adrian rejected an immediate attempt to contact nearby nobles and decided to break out with them at dusk, fearing the secret passage could be exposed.

Franz finalized a system of rule that granted African colonial territories as fiefs to military-merit nobles, then decided the Holy Roman Empire had expanded enough and ordered its government to curb its bellicose behavior. The chapter ended with Prime Minister Karl accepting Franz’s reprimand and instructions to prepare the empire to act as an international arbiter.

• Franz reviewed the Holy Roman Empire’s immense economic and military strength and used colonial enfeoffment to settle soldiers and reward meritorious officers.
• Franz signed the document establishing the new system of colonial rule and decided that further expansion risked more political harm than benefit.
• Franz ordered Prime Minister Karl to halt unnecessary military expansion, restrain the government’s arrogant rhetoric, and prepare the Foreign Ministry to act as an arbiter.
• Prime Minister Karl answered that he would follow Franz’s orders, despite feeling humiliated by the reprimand.

Franz sought to curb the Empire’s appetite for further war and address its fiscal troubles by expanding the role of the Divine Shield in international trade. He left Prime Minister Karl with a plan to build Divine Shield settlement in Europe first, before eventually loosening its dependence on gold.

• Franz recognized that the easy victory over France had encouraged the Empire’s pro-war faction, so he suppressed calls for further expansion.
• The Vienna Government faced deficits after three years of war, while nobles had spent heavily developing their fiefs and capitalists hid their wealth.
• Franz noted that the Divine Shield had remained stable despite excessive issuance, partly because wealthy capitalists concealed their money.
• Prime Minister Karl warned that separating the Divine Shield from gold would undermine confidence and could trigger a collapse like the Franc’s.
• Franz proposed keeping the Divine Shield pegged to gold for now while introducing grain and oil settlements in Divine Shield.
• Franz planned to establish the Divine Shield as a settlement currency across Europe before expanding its reach worldwide.

Franz and Minister of Economics Reinhardt discussed shifting the Holy Roman Empire toward a trade deficit to promote the Divine Shield as an international settlement currency. Franz rejected a rapid economic overhaul and instead ordered cautious controls on mineral and oil exports, low-end manufacturing, and polluting industries.

• Reinhardt explained that persistent trade surpluses caused capital to flow back into the Empire and proposed abandoning some low-tech industries to increase imports and export the Divine Shield.
• Reinhardt identified mining, textiles, printing and dyeing, and low-end clothing and footwear production for gradual reduction, forecasting trade deficits in about five years.
• Franz rejected targeted tariff cuts and warned that changing the economic model carried serious risks.
• Franz ordered strict reviews of undeveloped mines, proposed laws restricting exports of raw minerals and energy resources, and called for pollution controls in core regions.
• Franz accepted reducing oil exports, reasoning that higher international oil prices could hinder competitors’ adoption of internal combustion engines.

As France’s civil war deepened, Belgium feared losing the reparations it needed for reconstruction, while Franz struggled with the growing influx of French refugees. Leopold II arrived in Vienna, and Franz assigned Maximilian to receive him, leaving the Belgian king’s purpose unresolved.

• Belgium’s government worried that the French civil war would delay reparations and proposed armed intervention, but the Anti-French Alliance showed little support.
• Franz considered the refugee crisis as French adults and children crossed into the Holy Roman Empire, where repatriation and detention failed to keep them away.
• Foreign Minister Wessenberg told Franz that Leopold II had left Belgium and requested a special train to Vienna.
• Franz ordered the railway company and Foreign Ministry to arrange Leopold II’s reception and appointed Maximilian as the royal family’s representative.

Leopold II sought Maximilian’s help in securing reconstruction funds from the Vienna Government, but Maximilian warned that aid was uncertain and commercial loans were out of reach. Leopold offered to conduct all Belgian international trade settlements in Divine Shield, leaving Belgium poised to openly align with the Holy Roman Empire in exchange for financial support.

• Maximilian told Leopold II that the Vienna Government faced a fiscal deficit and advised him to seek private financing, while warning that his own influence was limited.
• Leopold II explained that Belgium had exhausted its collateral and could not obtain normal commercial loans after borrowing across Europe.
• Maximilian described how banks had imposed punishing terms on Mexico and revealed that Franz had discouraged lenders from financing him personally.
• Leopold II offered to use Divine Shield for all of Belgium’s international trade settlements if the Vienna Government provided assistance.
• Maximilian recognized that Leopold’s offer would make Belgium the first country to openly adopt Divine Shield for all settlements and signal its political alignment with Vienna.

Franz advised Maximilian to use the franc’s collapse to repay the Mexican Empire’s French debts cheaply and urged him to recruit capable officials. Meanwhile, the siege of Paris tightened as the city’s food dwindled and corruption spread through its rationing system.

• Franz told Maximilian to have his government-in-exile repay its French debts while the franc was nearly worthless, and Maximilian agreed to act.
• Franz warned Maximilian that the Mexican Restoration Organization lacked the talent needed to govern Mexico and urged him to find capable people.
• Carlos’s aristocratic coalition surrounded Paris and laid a vast minefield, choosing to wait for the besieged city to run out of food.
• The Continental Alliance restricted supplies entering France to trade with the Bourbon Dynasty, weakening support for Paris’s revolutionary government.
• Paris’s new government introduced rationing, but officials began diverting food to black markets and taking increasingly large shares from ordinary citizens.

As food shortages and government abuses pushed Paris toward chaos, Daniel ordered a desperate contingency plan after negotiations to let civilians leave the city failed. The anti-hunger movement erupted into a mass march, forcing the nobles outside Paris to debate whether to attack again.

• Refugees protested meager rations, but officials and soldiers suppressed them with threats and gunfire.
• Daniel concluded that Paris’s supply crisis and the failure of the revolution left the government with little chance of survival.
• Mellen informed Daniel that the enemy had refused to open a passage for civilians, and Daniel ordered the contingency plan activated.
• Hunger and lawlessness spread through Paris as gangs formed and the police withdrew from much of the city.
• On October 21, 1893, a massive anti-hunger march erupted in Paris, and the nobles debated whether to assault the city again.

Carlos struggled to mediate the nobles’ dispute over whether to attack Paris while Daniel’s plan to lure the coalition forces into the city collapsed. Paris erupted into a bloody uprising over food, leaving the revolutionary government fighting its own people and the city’s fate uncertain.

• The noble factions argued over attacking Paris, with the Legitimist Faction opposing an assault and Carlos unable to take a side as king-in-reserve.
• The coalition delayed its decision, while mines around Paris prevented it from moving quickly enough to exploit the unrest.
• Parisian civilians rose against the revolutionary government, and a nobleman became the insurgents’ temporary commander-in-chief.
• Carlos used airships to deliver weapons and equipment to the insurgents but withheld food.
• Insurgents and government forces fought over the grain depots as more Parisians joined the uprising.
• Daniel realized the government’s plan had spiraled out of control and that the fighting would continue until one side fell.

Franz weighed whether the Holy Roman Empire should keep financing its indebted Italian allies as a postwar economic crisis loomed. He chose to stop guaranteeing their loans and learned that Spain was nearing defeat in its war with Japan.

• Franz faced requests for loans from Belgium and several Italian states, whose debts and ill-suited development plans troubled him.
• Minister of Economics Reinhardt warned that ending financial support for Italy could trigger the economic crisis that wartime spending had postponed.
• Franz ordered that countries seeking loans provide sound economic plans and said the government could no longer guarantee them.
• Foreign Minister Wessenberg reported that Spain had suffered heavy casualties in its war with Japan and was likely to lose a war of attrition.

Franz and his ministers discussed the Japanese-Spanish War and the danger of Japan taking the Philippine Islands, especially after Britain backed Japan. Franz decided to help Spain hire a mercenary force, leaving the plan’s success uncertain.

• Prime Minister Karl questioned Spain’s poor battlefield performance, and Foreign Minister Wessenberg cited the Spanish army’s earlier failures and weak combat record.
• Franz said Britain’s involvement meant Spain could not suffer a crushing defeat, since that would damage the Holy Roman Empire’s standing overseas.
• Prime Minister Karl noted that Spain could not afford mercenaries and that no existing force was strong enough to defeat the Japanese.
• Franz offered Spain a loan secured against colonial revenues and ordered the Vienna Government to assemble its own mercenary force from retired European soldiers and recruits from France.
• Franz excluded Italian mercenaries, joking that there was no pasta in the Philippine Islands.

As Daniel’s revolutionary government collapsed amid famine and rebellion, Carlos delayed entering Paris while trying to raise money and prepare aid. The Bourbons restored their rule, but Carlos inherited a devastated France burdened by refugees, economic ruin, and debt.

• As Parisians rebelled over starvation and districts fell to the uprising, Daniel refused his guard captain’s pleas to flee.
• Carlos monitored the fighting from outside Paris and sold state assets and confiscated properties to raise money for food.
• Lieutenant General Felix told Carlos that the battle was nearing its end and proposed clearing the minefields to open a route into Paris.
• Carlos ordered the mines excavated slowly and considered dropping food into the city while delaying the takeover.
• On December 7, 1893, Daniel’s radical regime fell; Carlos entered Paris on December 10 and was crowned king at the ruined Palace of Versailles on December 12.
• Carlos faced the task of rebuilding France, resettling refugees, restoring the economy, and repaying debts.

After Carlos’s purge helped stabilize France, the end of the French Civil War triggered a severe stock market crash in Vienna and Frankfurt. The crash spread into the real economy, leaving Franz to face a crisis that arrived before the Vienna Government was ready.

• Carlos purged former revolutionary officials and criminals, confiscated wealth from corrupt bureaucrats, and used the recovered resources to ease France’s food crisis.
• Franz accepted that France might not pay reparations soon, but was relieved when Carlos began restoring order and production.
• On January 6, 1894, Vienna’s stock market plunged, with military-industrial shares leading the decline after the French Civil War ended.
• Vienna and Frankfurt markets fell throughout January, erasing vast wealth as investors sold off military-industrial stocks.
• The crash caused financing problems, bankruptcies, and unemployment, while suicides in the Holy Roman Empire rose sharply.
• Franz realized the crisis had burst the economic bubble ahead of the Vienna Government’s preparations, and the Empire’s troubles threatened other industrial nations.

The British stock market crash deepened the economic crisis, while Robert Cecil failed to persuade financial conglomerates to rescue the market without Vienna’s cooperation. Franz then suspected William II had deliberately pushed Prussia into bankruptcy to shift its debts and collateral dispute onto the Holy Roman Empire, leaving Franz to defend the Empire’s sovereignty.

• Robert Cecil asked Aquina whether Britain’s financial conglomerates would intervene, and Aquina said they refused unless Vienna joined the rescue.
• Robert Cecil argued that Vienna had no reason to rescue the market and feared Britain would be dragged into an economic crisis with the Holy Roman Empire.
• Franz confronted the consequences of the crisis, including wasteful northern infrastructure projects and Prussia’s sudden fiscal bankruptcy.
• Franz suspected William II had deliberately declared Prussia bankrupt to secure aid from Vienna and force a restructuring of debts owed to Britain.
• Franz recognized that Prussia’s old collateral agreements could not be enforced without negotiations with the Empire’s central government, and he resolved to protect the Empire’s sovereignty.

Franz and the Vienna Government considered how to handle Prussia’s debts to Britain without paying them or damaging the Empire’s standing, while the economic crisis drove unemployed Europeans toward colonial work. Ives wanted a local job to support his family, but the only opening he found required qualifications he lacked.

• Prime Minister Karl told Franz that Britain was unlikely to defer or restructure Prussia’s debt, so Franz decided to wait for the British to approach and negotiate slowly.
• Franz saw the Prussian crisis as an opportunity to advance a law barring local governments from pledging public powers as collateral for loans.
• The economic crisis drove unemployment across Europe, while colonial lords and recruiters advertised jobs and offered workers housing and family support.
• Ives refused to leave his homeland despite having many potential colonial employers, because he wanted a local job to support his family.
• Ives found a local company’s recruitment notice, but its education and work-experience requirements ruled him out.

Ives faced prolonged unemployment and considered leaving home to seek work overseas as the economic crisis deepened. Governments across Europe struggled or went bankrupt, while the Philippine War drained Japan’s resources even as it kept the country’s economy comparatively active.

• Ives returned to his rented room broke after another fruitless day of job hunting and considered whether he should seek a living overseas.
• The governments of Modena, Parma, Two Sicilies, Sardinia, Lucca, and Tuscany went bankrupt, leaving the Papal States as Italy’s sole surviving government.
• Belgium, Switzerland, Portugal, and Spain struggled with the crisis, while Spain relied on Holy Roman Empire support to gain ground against Japan in the Philippine War.
• Japanese forces relied on jungle guerrilla tactics as Spanish troops and mercenaries captured cities but avoided fighting in the jungle.
• The Japanese Government faced severe war-financing problems, while the war helped Japan’s domestic economy weather the wider crisis.