Franz maneuvered through Maximilian I’s removal from Mexico, the unraveling Russo-Austrian alliance, and a European grain-price collapse. The arc ended with Austria confronting Poland and weighing…
Franz maneuvered Austria into a war with the Ottoman Empire while using the Balkan uprisings and Europe’s rivalries to advance Austrian interests. As Russian forces landed at Ava and Napoleon III…
Russia invaded Poland while Austria and Russia continued their war against the Ottoman Empire, and European negotiations tied recognition of William I’s Polish kingship to Prussia relinquishing the…
The Near East War ended with Austria gaining Jerusalem, but the Ottoman Empire’s collapse and refugee crisis triggered massacres and rivalry among the great powers. As Britain, France, and Austria…
Austria’s labor unrest and stock market crash spread into a European economic crisis, while the collapse of the Paris Conference opened the way for colonial expansion and a French-led Panama Canal…
Franz managed royal marriages, trade disputes, and shifting alliances as Britain and Austria competed for influence. With Russia and the Prusso-Polish Federation preparing for war, he ordered…
The Prusso-Russian War drew in Austria’s calculations as Franz tried to keep both sides weakened while managing economic risks and public pressure over Russian atrocities. The arc ended with…
Austria and Britain maneuvered to shape the South American crisis and the Prusso-Russian War while the Prusso-Polish Federation struggled under crushing debt and losses. The stretch ended with Moltke…
The Prusso-Russian War shattered the Prusso-Polish Federation, drove millions from their homes, and left Prussia facing territorial losses and massive debts. Austria brokered the settlement while…
Franz exploited Europe’s economic turmoil and revolutions while Austria prepared to expand into Ottoman territory. After a coalition formed and declared war, Albrecht took command of allied forces…
The Anti-Ottoman Alliance defeated the empire as Austria maneuvered to shape the postwar settlement and relocate its population. The Ottoman Empire was declared dead, Russia sold its claims to…
Austria faced a deadly plague in the Near East while maneuvering against Britain and Russia and expanding its new territories. Austrian officers joined the Mahdi’s rebellion against France, leaving…
France’s push for agricultural self-sufficiency threatened Russia’s grain exports and drove rival powers into new economic and military maneuvers. As anti-Semitic persecution spread and exposed…
Austria and Russia maneuvered against Britain as Austria’s purge gave way to a European arms race and the struggle over Afghanistan. Britain invaded Afghanistan, while Franz prepared Austrian support…
Austria and France maneuvered to weaken Britain and Russia as tensions escalated into war, while Russia invaded Afghanistan and British forces struggled against both Russian troops and guerrillas. The…
France and Austria maneuvered Europe into a war that began with France’s invasion of Belgium and Luxembourg. As the fighting spread, Vittorio Emanuele III escaped British custody and secured Austrian…
Austria held the Rhine while expanding its air campaign and preparing a coordinated counteroffensive, as France suffered battlefield losses, economic strain, and a growing refugee crisis. The arc…
Japan seized the Philippines while Austria assembled a broad alliance against France, whose defenses collapsed under Austrian armored forces. As France sought peace and Russia considered sending…
France’s collapsing war effort gave way to revolution, surrender, and a punishing treaty imposed by the Anti-French Alliance. As Austria struggled with the costs of victory and unrest in the annexed…
Spain and Japan fought over the Philippines while France descended into civil war and returned to monarchy under Carlos. The conflict’s end triggered an economic crash across Europe, leaving the Holy…