Chapter Summaries

Key Plot Points and Events

• Bi Fan's eyes display extraordinary power, but he chooses not to resist the Evil Emperor's attack.
• A colossal figure, later revealed as the Human King Gu Chui, appears and forces the Evil Emperor to retreat.
• The Human King reveals that the dream trial Bi Fan experienced was real, and Da Gu Village was indeed destroyed by an Evil Beast Tide.

Character Developments

• Bi Fan is shocked and saddened by the truth about Da Gu Village.
• Gu Chui, the Human King, reveals that he was resurrected by the Dragon God and has a mission to take Bi Fan to obtain the true Dragon God inheritance.

Significant Themes

• The struggle between good and evil, represented by the Human King and the Evil Emperor.
• The power of the past and present, shown through Bi Fan's dream trial and its connection to reality.
• The importance of strength and resilience in the face of adversity.

Character Interactions

• Bi Fan and Gu Chui reunite, revealing their connection and the truth about Bi Fan's dream trial.
• Bi Fan shares the revelations with Xuanyuan Lian, Yu Si Yan, and the other warriors, preparing to leave with Gu Chui to obtain the true Dragon God inheritance.

• Bi Fan receives the inheritance of the True Dragon God in Taigu Village, guided by Gu Chui.
• The inheritance includes the Dragon Transformation Art and the Ancestral Dragon Scripture.
• Bi Fan's understanding of the Dragon Transformation Art deepens, and he begins to comprehend the Ancestral Dragon Scripture.
• Meanwhile, the Evil Emperor senses Bi Fan's inheritance in the Evil Race's territory.

Key Plot Points and Events

• The Evil Emperor senses a powerful aura and orders a full-scale attack on the Human Race.
• The Human Race's border passes report the sudden retreat of the Evil Race, leaving behind empty encampments.
• The Human King, Gu Chui, appears at the Imperial Pass and warns of an impending massive Evil Race attack.

Character Developments

• The Evil Emperor shows unusual reaction and concern towards the Human Race, hinting at a significant threat.
• Ancient Saint Zhenyue expresses overconfidence and underestimates the Evil Race's capabilities.
• Ancient Saint Chi Xiao demonstrates caution and awareness of the intensifying evil energy.
• Gu Chui, the Human King, displays wisdom and strategic thinking by ordering reinforcements to the Imperial Pass.

Significant Themes

• The growing tension and impending war between the Human Race and the Evil Race.
• The power dynamics and potential threats posed by the Evil Emperor.
• The contrast between overconfidence (Ancient Saint Zhenyue) and caution (Ancient Saint Chi Xiao, Gu Chui).

Character Interactions

• The Evil Emperor's command to his subordinates, displaying his authority and influence.
• The discussion among Ancient Saints at the Imperial Pass, revealing their differing views and concerns.
• Gu Chui's interaction with the Ancient Saints, showing his leadership and decisiveness in the face of the looming threat.

Key Plot Points and Events

• The Evil Race army, led by over two hundred Evil Emperors, attacks the Human Race's Imperial Pass.
• The Human Race, with ancient saints, Great Sages, and Saint Venerables defending, prepares for battle.
• Gu Chui, the Human King, clashes with an Evil Emperor in the sky, while the armies of both races engage in a massive battle below.

Character Developments

• Gu Chui demonstrates his immense power and determination, facing off against an Evil Emperor.
• The ancient saints, Great Sages, and Saint Venerables show their resolve and unity in defending the Imperial Pass.

Significant Themes

• The ancient conflict and enmity between the Human Race and the Evil Race.
• The power and responsibility of leaders in times of war.
• The unity and resolve of the Human Race in the face of overwhelming odds.

Character Interactions

• Gu Chui and the Evil Emperor: They face off, testing each other's strength and determination, with their battle having catastrophic effects on the battlefield below.
• The Human Race leaders (ancient saints, Great Sages, Saint Venerables): They work together, each using their unique powers to defend against the Evil Race's onslaught.
• The Human Race and Evil Race armies: They clash on the battlefield, with both sides showing no signs of retreat.

Key Plot Points and Events

• A massive teleportation array is activated at the Eleventh Border Pass, sending soldiers to the Imperial Pass.
• The Evil Race launches an all-out attack on the Imperial Pass, with over two hundred Evil Emperors, including their own Evil Emperor, leading the charge.
• Human Race reinforcements, including Saint Venerables, arrive at the Imperial Pass to bolster their defenses.
• The battle reaches the Imperial Pass city walls, with the Evil Race pushing the front line to its base.
• Gu Chui, a Human Race Ancient Saint, engages in a fierce battle with the Evil Emperor in the sky above the Imperial Pass.

Character Developments

• Lan Jun, initially anxious, becomes grim and determined upon receiving news of the Evil Race's all-out attack.
• Lan Yuxiang and Lan Yuyue express their desire to join the battle, demonstrating their resolve and growth.
• Gu Chui, a formidable Ancient Saint, shows her prowess in battle against the Evil Emperor.

Significant Themes

• Determination and Resolve: Both the Human Race and the Evil Race display unwavering determination in their fight, with characters like Lan Yuxiang and Gu Chui showcasing their resolve.
• Power Dynamics: The vast difference in numbers and strength between the two races highlights the power dynamics at play, with the Human Race struggling to keep up despite their valiant efforts.
• Sacrifice and Endurance: The Human Race warriors endure and fight despite the overwhelming odds, demonstrating their willingness to sacrifice for their cause.

Character Interactions

• Lan Jun and Lan Yuxiang/Yuyue: Lan Jun's interaction with his children reveals his protective nature and their growing determination to fight alongside him.
• Gu Chui and the Evil Emperor: Their intense battle showcases their formidable strength and the high stakes of the war.
• Human Race Reinforcements: The arrival of reinforcements from other border passes highlights the unity and coordination among the Human Race warriors.

Key Plot Points and Events

• The Evil Emperor and Gu Chui (Human King) face off in the sky above the Imperial Pass, their colossal forms tens of thousands of feet tall.
• The Human Race's Imperial Pass is on the verge of breaking, with their army pushed back to the city walls and suffering heavy casualties.
• Gu Chui attempts to intervene with a powerful attack, but the Evil Emperor blocks it, declaring himself Gu Chui's opponent.

Character Developments

• The Evil Emperor demonstrates its immense power and saves its subordinates from Gu Chui's attack.
• Gu Chui shows concern for his people and tries to turn the tide of the battle by eliminating the Evil Emperor.

Significant Themes

• The disparity in power between the Human Race and the Evil Race.
• The desperate struggle of the Human Race to defend their territory.
• The Evil Emperor's overwhelming confidence and dominance.

Character Interactions

• The Evil Emperor and Gu Chui face off, with the Evil Emperor taunting Gu Chui and asserting his dominance.
• Gu Chui and the Human Race warriors on the ground are connected through their shared struggle and determination to defend their homeland.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Gu Chui, the Human King, engages in a fierce battle with the Evil Emperor, aiming to turn the war situation.
• The Imperial Pass is under heavy assault by the Evil Race, with Human Race warriors fighting desperately to defend it.
• More Human Race powerhouses are teleported to the Imperial Pass, including Lan Jun and his group.

Character Developments

• Gu Chui demonstrates his immense power and determination to protect his kin and the Human Race.
• Lan Jun and his group arrive at the Imperial Pass, witnessing the intense battle and showing concern for Bi Fan's safety.

Significant Themes

• The power dynamics between the Human Race and the Evil Race.
• The importance of unity and perseverance in the face of overwhelming odds.
• The consequences of delay and inaction in war.

Character Interactions

• Gu Chui vs. the Evil Emperor: A battle of titans, showcasing their immense power and resolve.
• Lan Jun and his group: They arrive together, share their concerns, and prepare to join the battle.
• Human Race warriors vs. Evil Race soldiers: A collective effort to defend the Imperial Pass, highlighting the importance of teamwork and sacrifice.

Key Plot Points and Events

• The Human Race's Saint Venerables enter the battlefield, led by Lan Jun, who is a Great Sage (stronger than ordinary Saint Venerables).
• Lan Yuxiang and Lan Yuyue, Lan Jun's siblings, join the fray with a powerful combined attack technique.
• Yu Si Yan and three other Human Race women charge into the Divine Venerable battlefield.
• Xuanyuan Lian, in his Holy Dragon Body form, joins the Saint Venerable battlefield.
• Lie Yanhuo, in his Phoenix true form, enters the Chaos Celestial Venerable battlefield, turning the tide against the Evil Generals.
• Bi Xuan, a Human Race Divine Venerable, confronts dozens of Xie Jun (Evil Emperors) and uses his Space Rules to hold them back, then purifies them with a powerful attack from his Great Dao Imprint.

Character Developments

• Lan Jun is revealed to be a Great Sage, showcasing his strength and importance in the battle.
• Lan Yuxiang and Lan Yuyue demonstrate their powerful combined attack technique.
• Lie Yanhuo's true form is revealed, displaying immense power and turning the tide in the Chaos Celestial Venerable battlefield.
• Bi Xuan proves himself to be a formidable Divine Venerable, holding back dozens of Xie Jun and purifying them with ease.

Significant Themes

• The power dynamics and classification of Saint Venerables, Great Sages, Ancient Saints, and their equivalents in the Evil Race.
• The importance of combined attacks and teamwork, as seen in Lan Yuxiang and Lan Yuyue's technique.
• The role of individual strength and tactics in turning the tide of battle, as demonstrated by Lie Yanhuo and Bi Xuan.

Character Interactions

• Lan Jun, Lan Yuxiang, and Lan Yuyue work together as siblings, showcasing their unity and strength.
• Lie Yanhuo and Bai Ying Lian share a moment of affection before Lie Yanhuo enters the battlefield.
• Bi Xuan's actions worry Yu Si Yan and the other Human Race women, highlighting their concern for him.
• Bi Xuan's confrontation with the Xie Jun demonstrates his bravery and skill in the face of overwhelming odds.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Bi Xuan, a young boy, annihilates dozens of Evil Lords in a single move, causing shock and disbelief among the Human Race Divine Venerables and fear among the Evil Race.
• Bi Xuan's display of power draws the attention of even some Saint Venerables on the battlefield.
• Bi Xuan retrieves his Star Sacred Spear and moves towards the Evil Lord battlefield, drawing the ire of an Evil Emperor who attacks him.
• The Evil Emperor's attack is initially believed to be fatal, but Bi Xuan withstands it without injury, shocking both races.

Character Developments

• Bi Xuan: Demonstrates immense power and composure, remaining unfazed after annihilating Evil Lords and withstanding an Evil Emperor's attack.
• Human Race Divine Venerables: Initially worried about Bi Xuan, they are later filled with pride and hope as he displays his strength.
• Evil Race: Terrified by Bi Xuan's power, they initially underestimate him but are later shocked by his resilience.

Significant Themes

• Power and Strength: Bi Xuan's display of power shifts the dynamics of the battle and instills hope in the Human Race.
• Fear and Respect: Both races feel fear and respect towards Bi Xuan after witnessing his capabilities.
• Underestimation: The Evil Race underestimates Bi Xuan, leading to their shock and disbelief.

Character Interactions

• Bi Xuan and the Human Race Divine Venerables: They watch each other's battles, with the Divine Venerables feeling pride and hope in Bi Xuan's strength.
• Bi Xuan and the Evil Race: The Evil Race fears Bi Xuan, with an Evil Emperor attacking him, only to be shocked by his resilience.
• Bi Xuan and Xuanyuan Lian: Xuanyuan Lian watches Bi Xuan's battle but pays little attention to the Evil Emperor's attack, showing his confidence in Bi Xuan's abilities.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Bi Xuan, a Divine Venerable realm cultivator, single-handedly defeats and annihilates the Demon Winged Evil Emperor, shocking both the Evil and Human races.
• Lie Yanhuo, enraged by the Evil Race's actions, turns the tide of the battle by decimating the Evil General army and supporting the Human Race's Saint Venerables.
• Xuanyuan Lian, revealing his true Holy Dragon form, faces off against several powerful Evil Emperors, drawing the attention of other Saint Venerables, including Xuanyuan Tuoba, an Ancient Saint of the Holy Dragon lineage.

Character Developments

• Bi Xuan demonstrates extraordinary power and courage, proving that even a Divine Venerable can defeat an Evil Emperor.
• Lie Yanhuo showcases his prowess and anger, turning the battle in favor of the Human Race.
• Xuanyuan Lian reveals his true form and strength, attracting the notice of other powerful cultivators, including Xuanyuan Tuoba.

Significant Themes

• The power of determination and will (Bi Xuan's resolve against the Demon Winged Evil Emperor).
• The impact of a single individual on the course of a battle (Bi Xuan's and Lie Yanhuo's actions turning the tide).
• The importance of lineage and heritage (Xuanyuan Lian's and Xuanyuan Tuoba's connection through their Holy Dragon lineage).

Character Interactions

• Bi Xuan vs. Demon Winged Evil Emperor: Bi Xuan demonstrates his power and courage, defeating the Demon Winged Evil Emperor in a single exchange.
• Lie Yanhuo and the Evil General army: Lie Yanhuo's Phoenix Divine Fire decimates the Evil General army, supporting the Human Race's Saint Venerables.
• Xuanyuan Lian and Xuanyuan Tuoba: Xuanyuan Lian and Xuanyuan Tuoba meet and acknowledge each other as part of the Holy Dragon lineage, with Xuanyuan Tuoba expressing surprise at Xuanyuan Lian's power and background.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Xuanyuan Tuoba, an ancient saint, meets his descendant Xuanyuan Lian on the Outer Domain Battlefield.
• Xuanyuan Tuoba teaches Xuanyuan Lian Holy Dragon combat techniques and demonstrates his power against the Baideng Evil Emperor.
• The Baideng Evil Emperor attempts to use its Baideng Evil Skill's second stage, but Xuanyuan Tuoba intervenes and destroys it, leading to the Evil Emperor's defeat.

Character Developments

• Xuanyuan Tuoba: Shows satisfaction in his descendant's abilities and shares his knowledge to help Xuanyuan Lian improve. He demonstrates immense power and strategic thinking in combat.
• Xuanyuan Lian: Gains new techniques and insights from his ancestor, which should help him stabilize his combat power at the Great Sage level.
• Baideng Evil Emperor: Shows desperation and determination to defeat Xuanyuan Tuoba, even attempting a powerful but risky move. Ultimately, it underestimates Xuanyuan Tuoba's strength and falls.

Significant Themes

• Ancestral Knowledge and Guidance: Xuanyuan Tuoba's teachings highlight the importance of ancestral wisdom and the passing down of knowledge through generations.
• Power Dynamics: The battle between Xuanyuan Tuoba and the Baideng Evil Emperor showcases the shifting power balance and the consequences of underestimating one's opponent.

Character Interactions

• Xuanyuan Tuoba and Xuanyuan Lian: Their interaction is marked by mutual respect and a desire for growth. Xuanyuan Tuoba's teaching of combat techniques strengthens their bond.
• Xuanyuan Tuoba and Baideng Evil Emperor: Their interaction is characterized by intense rivalry and a test of strength and strategy. The Baideng Evil Emperor's underestimation of Xuanyuan Tuoba leads to its downfall.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Baideng Evil Emperor, a top-tier Evil Emperor, is defeated and falls.
• This event draws significant attention from both the Evil Race and the Human Race.

Character Developments

• No individual character development is highlighted in this chapter.

Significant Themes

• The theme of power dynamics shifts as a major Evil Emperor falls.
• The theme of hope and morale boost for the Human Race is evident in their cheering.

Character Interactions

• The Evil Emperors react with alarm and astonishment to Baideng's defeat.
• The Human Race's Saint Venerables cheer loudly, indicating unity and shared hope.

Key Plot Points and Events

• The Evil Emperor uses the Demon Slaying War Spear to absorb the life essence of countless Evil Soldiers, strengthening the spear.
• Gu Chui attempts to stop the spear's absorption but is overpowered.
• The Evil Emperor injures Gu Chui with the Demon Slaying War Spear, draining his Strength.

Character Developments

• Gu Chui activates a powerful form, growing ancient and vast in aura, but is still outmatched by the Evil Emperor.
• The Evil Emperor shows no signs of weakness, even after being injured by Gu Chui.

Significant Themes

• Power and Sacrifice: The Evil Emperor gains power by sacrificing its kin, highlighting the theme of power gained through sacrifice.
• Inequality in Strength: The disparity in power between Gu Chui and the Evil Emperor is emphasized, foreshadowing potential challenges for Gu Chui.

Character Interactions

• Gu Chui and the Evil Emperor engage in a fierce battle, with the Evil Emperor gaining the upper hand.
• The Evil Soldiers on the battlefield below respond to the Evil Emperor's commands, showing their loyalty and fear of their leader.

Key Plot Points and Events

• The balance between the Human Race and the Evil Race is precarious, with the Evil Emperor's power threatening to tip the scales.
• The Evil Race's leaders look to Gu Chui, the Human King, as their last hope to prevent the Evil Emperor from breaking the balance.
• The Evil Emperor demands that the remaining Xie Jun and Evil Emperors sacrifice themselves to empower the Demon Slaying War Spear. Some comply, but most hesitate.
• Gu Chui, unable to withstand the Demon Slaying War Spear's power, is forced to retreat. He then attacks the sacrificing Xie Jun and Evil Emperors, killing them.

Character Developments

• Gu Chui, the Human King, shows his power and willingness to protect his race, but also his ruthlessness in eliminating those who might weaken their position.
• The Xie Jun and Evil Emperors display fear, reluctance, and ultimately, some show courage in accepting their fate as sacrifices.

Significant Themes

• The balance of power and the consequences of its disruption.
• Sacrifice for the greater good versus personal unwillingness to die.
• The harsh reality of war and the necessity of tough decisions.

Character Interactions

• The Evil Race's leaders look to Gu Chui for hope, highlighting the Human Race's power and their interdependence.
• The Evil Emperor's demand for sacrifices and Gu Chui's subsequent attack on those sacrifices show the brutal dynamics between the races and the Human King's resolve.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Gu Chui, the Human King, fights the Evil Emperor.
• Gu Chui uses his Great Hammer and ancient battle technique to block the Evil Emperor's Demon Slaying War Spear.
• The Evil Emperor's power, channeled through the war spear, breaks through Gu Chui's defenses and strikes the Imperial Pass city wall.
• The Imperial Pass city walls and the protective formation shatter, marking the first time the Evil Race breaches the Human Race's defenses.

Character Developments

• Gu Chui demonstrates his power and resilience but ultimately cannot withstand the Evil Emperor's might.
• The Evil Emperor shows its terrifying strength and breaks through the Human Race's most formidable defense.

Significant Themes

• The power struggle between the Human Race and the Evil Race.
• The resilience and limits of the Human Race's defenses.
• The consequences of underestimating one's enemy.

Character Interactions

• Gu Chui and the Evil Emperor engage in a direct confrontation.
• Human Race powerhouses watch the battle from the city walls, retreating as the Imperial Pass falls.

Summary

Key Plot Points

• The Evil Emperor's terrifying aura suppresses the Human Race warriors, making them tremble with fear.
• Bi Xuan appears, having Ascended, and stands against the Evil Emperor's pressure.
• Gu Chui (Human King) fights against the Evil Emperor but is unable to land a hit or force it back.
• The Evil Emperor threatens to massacre the Human Race if Gu Chui doesn't hand over Bi Fan.
• Bi Xuan offers his Strength to Gu Chui to defeat the Evil Emperor.

Character Developments

• Bi Xuan: Shows immense courage and determination, standing against the Evil Emperor's pressure and offering his Strength to Gu Chui.
• Gu Chui: Struggles against the Evil Emperor's power but is unable to match it, showing his limits.

Significant Themes

• Courage and determination in the face of overwhelming odds.
• The power gap between the Human Race and the Evil Emperor.
• The importance of unity and cooperation among the Human Race.

Character Interactions

• Bi Xuan and Gu Chui: Bi Xuan offers his Strength to Gu Chui, showing trust and confidence in him.
• Gu Chui and the Evil Emperor: They engage in a battle, with Gu Chui unable to match the Evil Emperor's power.

• Key Plot Points: Gu Chui merges with Bi Xuan, allowing Bi Xuan to temporarily wield Gu Chui's power and Great Dao Imprint. Bi Xuan, now controlled by Gu Chui, repels an attack from the Evil Emperor.
• Character Developments: Bi Xuan's role as the Child of Fortune is confirmed, and Gu Chui's consciousness takes control of Bi Xuan's body. The Evil Emperor is alarmed by Bi Xuan's newfound power.
• Significant Themes: The power of the Child of Fortune and the potential of Bi Xuan's Great Dao Imprint are highlighted. The Evil Emperor's fear of this power underscores its significance.
• Character Interactions: Gu Chui and Bi Xuan merge, with Gu Chui taking control. The Human Race watches in shock and awe, while the Evil Emperor becomes increasingly alarmed.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Gu Chui, now merged with Bi Xuan, confronts the Evil Emperor.
• Gu Chui uses a powerful golden beam to injure the Evil Emperor, creating a massive ravine.
• The Evil Emperor, weakened, attacks Gu Chui with countless illusory forms.
• Gu Chui uses his Great Dao Eyes to locate the Evil Emperor's true form and strikes it with Great Dao lightning.
• The Evil Emperor transforms into a Tian Mo and lunges at Gu Chui with its Demon Slaying War Spear.
• Gu Chui merges with a Great Dao body to increase his power and fight the Evil Emperor.

Character Developments

• Gu Chui's power increases significantly after merging with Bi Xuan, revealing him to be the Child of Fortune.
• The Evil Emperor feels immense pressure from Gu Chui's Great Dao power and regrets not killing him earlier.
• Gu Chui demonstrates his ability to see through illusions and control Great Dao powers.

Significant Themes

• The power of the Great Dao is shown to be incredibly potent, capable of injuring even the Evil Emperor.
• The theme of regret is explored through the Evil Emperor's realization that it should have killed Gu Chui earlier.
• The struggle between good (Gu Chui) and evil (Evil Emperor) continues.

Character Interactions

• Gu Chui and the Evil Emperor engage in a fierce battle, showcasing their respective powers.
• The Human Race powerhouses watch the battle in awe and encouragement, hoping for Gu Chui's victory.
• Yu Si Yan, Xuanyuan Lian, and Lie Yanhuo are shocked by Gu Chui's power and express their disbelief.

Key Plot Points and Events

• Gu Chui, empowered by the Great Dao, clashes with the Evil Emperor.
• The Evil Emperor struggles against Gu Chui's power and decides to use the final move of the Demon Slaying War Spear.
• The Evil Emperor summons a powerful entity (equivalent to the true Lord realm) from another realm.
• Gu Chui attempts to disrupt the summoning but is repelled by the summoned entity's immense power.

Character Developments

• Gu Chui demonstrates his prowess and control over the Great Dao, gaining the upper hand against the Evil Emperor.
• The Evil Emperor, facing defeat, resorts to desperate measures and summons a more powerful entity.

Significant Themes

• The struggle between good and evil, with Gu Chui representing the former and the Evil Emperor and the summoned entity representing the latter.
• The consequences of desperation and the use of extreme measures to achieve one's goals.
• The power dynamics between realms and the potential dangers of inter-realm summoning.

Character Interactions

• Gu Chui and the Evil Emperor engage in a fierce battle, with Gu Chui gaining the upper hand.
• The Evil Emperor summons a powerful entity, demonstrating its desperation and willingness to sacrifice itself.
• Gu Chui attempts to disrupt the summoning, showing his determination to prevent the evil entity from entering their realm.

Key Plot Points and Events

• A giant hand, emanating terrifying evil energy, emerges from a hole in the sky, repelling the Human King.
• Gu Chui, controlling Bi Xuan's body, uses the power of the Great Dao to attack the hole and the hands, temporarily halting their progress.
• A one-eyed Evil Race creature emerges from the hole, revealing it's infinitely close to the Master realm.
• Gu Chui attempts to attack the creature with a beam of Great Dao light but is easily repelled, suffering minor injuries.

Character Developments

• Gu Chui demonstrates his power and understanding of the Great Dao, but is overwhelmed by the one-eyed Evil Race creature, revealing the vast gap between them.
• The Human King is shown to be unable to resist the power of the giant hand, highlighting the creature's immense strength.

Significant Themes

• The power struggle between the Human Race and the Evil Race, with the Evil Race's return threatening the balance of power.
• The limitations of human strength and the vastness of the Master realm, as seen through Gu Chui's inability to contend with the one-eyed Evil Race creature.

Character Interactions

• Gu Chui and the one-eyed Evil Race creature interact, with the creature showing clear disdain for Gu Chui's power and revealing its intent to end everything.
• Yu Si Yan and Xuanyuan Lian watch the events unfold, expressing worry and gravity respectively, but their actions are not detailed in this chapter.