Recaps

Joseph’s intervention in Rome helped the rebels establish a new state while Charles faced punishment for joining them. As the Holy See settled in Avignon, Joseph persuaded Pius VI to consider reshaping the Church’s role in exchange for French support and influence.

• Joseph expanded doctoral places, formed research groups, and directed Gauss, Biot, Malus, Seebeck, and Thénard toward research he considered useful.
• Charles traveled to Rome and joined the insurgents, but their assault on the Neapolitan troops failed, prompting Luca and Denipol to lead a French rescue force into the city.
• Denipol’s soldiers routed Naples forces while Roman rebels took key positions, and Pius VI fled Rome as Charles left with the French officers.
• Joseph rebuked and struck Charles for risking France’s reputation, then offered him a choice between doctoral study and restricted service as a local official in Vivarais.
• Talleyrand persuaded Northern Italian representatives to support a new ruler for Lazio-Umbria, and Parliament elected Duke Zagarolo as Hereditary Ruler.
• Franz II accepted the name United Austrian-Hungarian Empire, while Russian expansion and harsh rule provoked rebellion that defeated Prozorovsky’s army and occupied Mykolaiv.
• Joseph convinced Pius VI to remain in Avignon and consider a trade alliance and Church reforms, including ending secular interference and transferring Church lands to national governments.